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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 1998, p. 539-542, Vol. 36, No. 2
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Viruses and Bacteria in the Etiology of the Common Cold

Mika J. Mäkelä,1,2,* Tuomo Puhakka,1 Olli Ruuskanen,1 Maija Leinonen,3 Pekka Saikku,3 Marko Kimpimäki,4 Soile Blomqvist,4 Timo Hyypiä,5,dagger and Pertti Arstila5

Departments of Pediatrics,1 Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology,2 and Virology,5 University of Turku, Turku, National Public Health Institute, Oulu,3 and Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki,4 Finland

Received 13 August 1997/Returned for modification 22 October 1997/Accepted 20 November 1997

Two hundred young adults with common colds were studied during a 10-month period. Virus culture, antigen detection, PCR, and serology with paired samples were used to identify the infection. Viral etiology was established for 138 of the 200 patients (69%). Rhinoviruses were detected in 105 patients, coronavirus OC43 or 229E infection was detected in 17, influenza A or B virus was detected in 12, and single infections with parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus were found in 14 patients. Evidence for bacterial infection was found in seven patients. Four patients had a rise in antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae, one had a rise in antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae, one had a rise in antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and one had immunoglobulin M antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The results show that although approximately 50% of episodes of the common cold were caused by rhinoviruses, the etiology can vary depending on the epidemiological situation with regard to circulating viruses. Bacterial infections were rare, supporting the concept that the common cold is almost exclusively a viral disease.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland. Phone: 358-2-2611611. Fax: 358-2-2611460. E-mail: mika.makela{at}utu.fi.

dagger Present address: Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 1998, p. 539-542, Vol. 36, No. 2
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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