Typing and Characterization of Mechanisms of Resistance of Shigella spp. Isolated from Feces of Children under 5 Years of Age from Ifakara, Tanzania

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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, October 1999, p. 3113-3117, Vol. 37, No. 10
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Typing and Characterization of Mechanisms of Resistance of Shigella spp. Isolated from Feces of Children under 5 Years of Age from Ifakara, Tanzania

Margarita M. Navia,¹ Liliana Capitano,¹ Joaquin Ruiz,¹ Martha Vargas,¹ Honorati Urassa,² David Schellemberg,³ Joaquim Gascon,⁴ and Jordi Vila¹^,^*

Departament de Microbiologia,¹ Malaties Infeccioses (Unitat de Medicina Tropical),⁴ and Unitat de Epidemiologia i Bioestadistica (Fundació Clinic),³ Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pí i Sunyer, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain, and Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Ifakara, Tanzania²

Received 19 March 1999/Returned for modification 29 April 1999/Accepted 29 June 1999

Eighty-six strains of Shigella spp. were isolated during the dry season from stool samples of children under 5 years of agein Ifakara, Tanzania. The epidemiological relationship as wellas the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistanceto ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole were investigated.Four different epidemiological tools, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE), repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR, plasmid analysis,and antibiogram, were compared for typing Shigella strains. Seventy-eight(90%) strains were Shigella flexneri and were distributed intofour groups, by either PFGE or REP-PCR, with 51, 17, 7, and 3strains. The four strains of Shigella dysenteriae belonged tothe same group, and the four strains of Shigella sonnei were distributedin two groups with three and one strain each. Plasmid analysisshowed a high level of heterogeneity among strains belonging tothe same PFGE group, while the antibiogram was less discriminative.REP-PCR provided an alternative, rapid, powerful genotyping methodfor Shigella spp. Overall, antimicrobial susceptibility testingshowed a high level of resistance to ampicillin (81.8%), chloramphenicol(72.7%), tetracycline (96.9%), and co-trimoxazole (87.9%). Ampicillinresistance was related to an integron-borne OXA-1-type $beta$ -lactamasein 85.1% of the cases and to a TEM-1-type $beta$ -lactamase in the remaining14.8%. Resistance to co-trimoxazole was due to the presence ofa dhfr Ia gene in all groups except one of S. flexneri, wherea dhfr VII gene was found within an integron. Chloramphenicolresistance was associated in every case with positive chloramphenicolacetyltransferase activity. All strains were susceptible to nalidixicacid, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin. Therefore,these antimicrobial agents may be good alternatives for the treatmentof diarrhea caused by Shigella inTanzania.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratori de Microbiologia, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.Phone: (34) 932275522. Fax: (34) 932275454. E-mail: vila{at}medicina.ub.es.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, October 1999, p. 3113-3117, Vol. 37, No. 10
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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