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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, December 1999, p. 3872-3878, Vol. 37, No. 12
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Evolution and Clonal Traits of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Guinea-Bissau

Gunilla Källenius,1,* Tuija Koivula,1,2 Solomon Ghebremichael,1 Sven E. Hoffner,1 Renée Norberg,1 Erika Svensson,1 Francisco Dias,2 Britt-Inger Marklund,3 and Stefan B. Svenson1,4

Department of Bacteriology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-17182 Solna,1 Department of Microbiology, Umeå University, 90 187 Umeå,3 Department of Bacteriology, Biomedicum, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden,4 and Laboratorio Nacional de Saude Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau2

Received 25 November 1998/Returned for modification 12 January 1999/Accepted 23 July 1999

Two hundred twenty-nine consecutive isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, which is located in West Africa, were analyzed for clonal origin by biochemical typing and DNA fingerprinting. By using four biochemical tests (resistance to thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide, niacin production, nitrate reductase test, and pyrazinamidase test), the isolates could be assigned to five different biovars. The characteristics of four strains conformed fully with the biochemical criteria for M. bovis, while those of 85 isolates agreed with the biochemical criteria for M. tuberculosis. The remaining 140 isolates could be allocated into one of three biovars (biovars 2 to 4) representing a spectrum between the classical bovine (biovar 1) and human (biovar 5) tubercle bacilli. By using two genotyping methods, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with IS6110 (IS6110 RFLP analysis) and spoligotyping, the isolates could be separated into three groups (groups A to C) of the M. tuberculosis complex. Group A (n = 95), which contained the majority of classical human M. tuberculosis isolates, had large numbers of copies of IS6110 elements (mean number of copies, 9) and a distinctive spoligotyping pattern that lacked spacers 33 to 36. Isolates of the major group, group B (n = 119), had fewer IS6110 copies (mean copy number, 5) and a spoligotyping pattern that lacked spacers 7 to 9 and 39 and mainly comprised isolates of biovars 1 to 4. Group C isolates (n = 15) had one to three IS6110 copies, had a spoligotyping pattern that lacked spacers 29 to 34, and represented biovar 3 to 5 isolates. Four isolates whose biochemical characteristics conformed with those of M. bovis clustered with the group B isolates and had spoligotype patterns that differed from those previously reported for M. bovis, in that they possessed spacers 40 to 43. Interestingly, isolates of group B and, to a certain extent, also isolates of group C showed a high degree of variability in biochemical traits, despite genotypic identity in terms of IS6110 RFLP and spoligotype patterns. We hypothesize that isolates of groups B and C have their evolutionary origin in West Africa, while group A isolates are of European descent.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-17182 Solna, Sweden. Phone: 46 8 4572430. Fax: 46 8 301797. E-mail: gunilla.kallenius{at}smi.ki.se.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, December 1999, p. 3872-3878, Vol. 37, No. 12
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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