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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, January 2002, p. 159-164, Vol. 40, No. 1
0095-1137/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.1.159-164.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Importance of Local Variations in Antibiotic Consumption and Geographical Differences of Erythromycin and Penicillin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae

César García-Rey,1* Lorenzo Aguilar,1 Fernando Baquero,2 Julio Casal,3 and Rafael Dal-Ré1

Medical Department, GlaxoSmithKline,1 Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal,2 Microbiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain3

Received 30 July 2001/ Returned for modification 17 September 2001/ Accepted 22 October 2001

A geographical analysis of how commonly prescribed oral antibiotics are quantitatively and qualitatively responsible for the different local rates of erythromycin and penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain is presented. From 1998 to 1999 a multicenter surveillance study yielded 1,684 consecutive S. pneumoniae isolates from community-acquired respiratory infections. Data on antibiotic sales in the retail market for the same period were gathered, and the corresponding defined doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day were calculated. Macrolides and ß-lactams were considered separately. Macrolides were subdivided into thrice-, twice-, and once-a-day macrolides, and ß-lactams were split into aminopenicillins and cephalosporins. Univariate Spearman nonparametric coefficients (R) were calculated, and variables proving to be significantly associated (P < 0.1) were entered into several multiple lineal regression models. Ample variation in both resistance rates and antibiotic consumption was seen. Multivariate analyses showed that integrated consumption of both macrolides and ß-lactams accounted well for erythromycin (R2 = 0.722; P = 0.002) and penicillin (R2 = 0.706; P = 0.002) resistance. Macrolides were more important drivers for local differences in both erythromycin and penicillin resistance than ß-lactams were. Consumption of once-a-day macrolides was key for local erythromycin resistance variations. Cephalosporins were slightly more important penicillin resistance drivers than aminopenicillins were.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: GlaxoSmithKline Medical Department, c/ Severo Ochoa, 2, P. T. M. Tres Cantos, 28760-Madrid, Spain. Phone: 34 91 807 5738. Fax: 34 91 807 0596. E-mail: cesar.garcia-rey{at}gsk.com.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, January 2002, p. 159-164, Vol. 40, No. 1
0095-1137/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.1.159-164.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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