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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, October 2003, p. 4600-4604, Vol. 41, No. 10
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.10.4600-4604.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Segregation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes by Risk Factor in Australia

Belinda L. Herring,1 Ying C. Ge,1 Bin Wang,1 Mala Ratnamohan,2 Frank Zheng,2 Anthony L. Cunningham,1 Nitin K. Saksena,1 and Dominic E. Dwyer1,2*

Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute,1 Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia2

Received 10 March 2003/ Returned for modification 1 May 2003/ Accepted 11 July 2003

The aim of this study was to determine which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes were circulating in Australia and to correlate the subtypes with risk factors associated with the acquisition of HIV-1 infection. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and HIV-1 env genes were amplified and subtyped using heteroduplex mobility analysis, with selected samples sequenced and phylogenetic analysis performed. The HIV-1 env subtypes were determined for 141 samples, of which 40 were from female patients and 101 were from male patients; 13 samples were from children. Forty-seven patients were infected by homosexual or bisexual contact, 46 were infected through heterosexual contact, 21 were infected from injecting drug use (IDU), 13 were infected by vertical transmission, 8 were infected from nosocomial exposure, and 6 were infected by other modes of transmission, including exposure to blood products, ritualistic practices, and two cases of intrafamilial transmission. Five subtypes were detected; B (n = 104), A (n = 5), C (n = 17), E (CRF01_AE; n = 13), and G (n = 2). Subtype B predominated in HIV-1 acquired homosexually (94% of cases) and by IDU (100%), whereas non-subtype B infections were mostly seen in heterosexually (57%) or vertically (22%) acquired HIV-1 infections and were usually imported from Africa and Asia. Subtype B strains of group M viruses predominate in Australia in HIV-1 transmitted by homosexual or bisexual contact and IDU. However, non-B subtypes have been introduced, mostly acquired via heterosexual contact.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Virology, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, PO Box 533, Wentworthville, NSW 2145, Australia. Phone: 61-2-9845-6255. Fax: 61-2-9633-5314. E-mail: dominic_dwyer{at}wmi.usyd.edu.au.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, October 2003, p. 4600-4604, Vol. 41, No. 10
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.10.4600-4604.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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