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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, April 2003, p. 1617-1622, Vol. 41, No. 4
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1617-1622.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Analysis of Molecular Epidemiology of Chilean Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Isolates by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Bacteriophage Typing

Jorge Fernandez,1 Alberto Fica,2* German Ebensperger,1 Hector Calfullan,1 Soledad Prat,1 Alda Fernandez,1 Marcela Alexandre,3 and Ingrid Heitmann1

SubDepartamento de Microbiología y Unidad de Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública,1 Sección de Infectologia, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile,2 Servicio de Salud Metropolitano del Ambiente, Santiago, Chile3

Received 16 September 2002/ Returned for modification 25 October 2002/ Accepted 16 December 2002

Human Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis infections emerged in Chile in 1994. S. enterica serotype Enteritidis phage type 1 isolates predominated in the north, and phage type 4 isolates predominated in the central and southern regions. A study was planned to characterize this epidemic using the best discriminatory typing technique. Research involved 441 S. enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates, including clinical preepidemic samples (n = 74; 1975 to 1993) and epidemic (n = 199), food (n = 72), poultry (n = 57), and some Latin American (n = 39) isolates. The best method was selected based on a sample of preepidemic isolates, analyzing the discriminatory power (DP) obtained by phage typing and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and pulsed-field gel electophoresis (PFGE) analysis. The highest DP was associated with BlnI PFGE-bacteriophage typing analysis (0.993). A total of 38 BlnI patterns (B patterns) were identified before the epidemic period, 19 since 1994, and only 4 in both periods. Two major clusters were identified by phylogenetic analysis, and the predominant B patterns clustered in the same branch. Combined analysis revealed that specific B pattern-phage type combinations (subtypes) disappeared before 1994, that different genotypes associated with S. enterica serotype Enteritidis phage type 4 had been observed since 1988, and that strain diversity increased before the expansion of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis in 1994. Predominant subtype B3-phage type 4 was associated with the central and southern regions, and subtype B38-phage type 1 was associated with the north (P < 0.0001). Food and poultry isolates matched the predominant S. enterica serotype Enteritidis subtypes, but isolates identified in neighboring countries (Peru and Bolivia) did not match S. enterica serotype Enteritidis subtypes identified in the north of Chile. The results of this work demonstrate that genetic diversity, replacement, and expansion of specific S. enterica serotype Enteritidis subtypes were associated with epidemic changes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Sección de Infectologia, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Av. Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile. Phone and fax: 56-2-7777618. E-mail: afica{at}ns.hospital.uchile.cl.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, April 2003, p. 1617-1622, Vol. 41, No. 4
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1617-1622.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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