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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2003, p. 2317-2322, Vol. 41, No. 6
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2317-2322.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Changing Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes in Ghana: Emergence of Human Rotavirus G9 as a Major Cause of Diarrhea in Children

George E. Armah,1,2* Andrew Duncan Steele,2 Fred N. Binka,3,4 Mathew D. Esona,2 Richard Harry Asmah,1 Francis Anto,3 David Brown,5 Jon Green,5 Felicity Cutts,6 and Andy Hall6

Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research,1 School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon,4 Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana,3 MRC/MEDUNSA Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical University of Southern Africa, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa,2 Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, London NW9 5HT,5 London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom6

Received 6 August 2002/ Returned for modification 29 November 2002/ Accepted 4 March 2003

Genotyping of human rotaviruses was performed on 312 rotavirus-positive samples collected from 2,205 young children with diarrhea in the Upper East District of Ghana, a rural community. Of the 271 (86.9%) rotavirus strains that could be VP7 (G) or VP4 (P) characterized, 73 (26.9%) were of G9 specificity. The predominant G9 genotype was G9P[8], which constituted 79.5% of all G9 strains detected, followed by G9P[6] (12.3%), G9P[10] (2.7%), and G9P[4] (1.3%). G9 strains with mixed P types constituted 2.7% of all G9 strains found in the study. All the G9P[8] strains had a long RNA electrophoretic pattern with VP6 subgroup II specificity. Four G9 isolates, GH1319, GH1416, GH3550, and GH3574, which were selected based on the abundance of stool material and were representative of the three electropherotypes observed, were cloned and sequenced. The Ghanaian isolates shared more than 98% sequence nucleotide homology with other G9 strains from the United States (US1205), Malawi (MW69), Brazil (R160), Japan (95H115), and Nigeria (Bulumkutu). However, they showed only 95% nucleotide homology with the Thai G9 strain Mc345. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleic acid sequence revealed the existence of at least three clusters, with Ghanaian strains forming one cluster, Nigerian and Brazilian strains forming a second cluster, and U.S., Malawian, and Japanese strains forming a third.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Phone: 233 21 501179. Fax: 233 21 502182. E-mail: garmah{at}noguchi.mimcom.net.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2003, p. 2317-2322, Vol. 41, No. 6
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2317-2322.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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