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Acquisition of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections and Pap Smear Abnormalities among Women in the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union

Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,¹ N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences,² Russian Academy of Post-Graduate Medical Education, Moscow,³ Centralised Cytology Laboratory, Novgorod Clinical Regional Hospital,⁴ Department of Gynaecology, Novgorod Municipal Dermatovenereological Dispensary,⁵ Department of Gynaecology, Novgorod Female Consultative Outpatient Hospital, Novgorod, Russia,⁶ Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Republican Centre of Clinical Cytology,⁷ Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Minsk State Medical Institute, Minsk, Belarus ,⁸ Department of Gynaecology, Latvian Cancer Centre, and Laboratory of Cytology, Riga, Latvia,⁹ Department of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena,¹⁰ Unit of Cytopathology, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy,¹¹

Received 27 June 2003/ Returned for modification 14 October 2003/ Accepted 18 October 2003

The rates of acquisition and the times of incident high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and Pap smear abnormalities and their predictive factors were analyzed in women participating in a multicenter screening study in three countries of the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union. The 423 patients were prospectively monitored for a mean of 21.6 months. At the baseline, 118 women were HR HPV DNA negative (Hybrid Capture II assay) and Pap smear negative (group 1), 184 were HPV DNA positive and Pap smear negative (group 2), and 121 were HPV DNA negative and Pap smear positive (group 3). The time to the acquisition of an incident abnormal Pap smear (19.4 months) was significantly longer in group 1 than in group 2 (9.2 months) (P = 0.0001). The times of acquisition of incident HR HPV infection were 16.6 and 11.0 months in group 1 and group 3, respectively (P = 0.006). The monthly rates of acquisition of incident HR HPV infections were very similar in group 1 (1.0%) and group 3 (0.8%), whereas the rate of acquisition of an abnormal Pap smear was significantly higher in group 2 (3.1%) than in group 1 (1.5%) (P = 0.0001). The acquisition of HR HPV infection (but not a positive Pap smear result) was significantly (P = 0.0001) age dependent. The only significant independent (P = 0.001) predictor of the incidence of an abnormal Pap smear result was a high HR HPV load of >20 relative light units/control value (CO) (rate ratio, 2.050; 95% confidence interval, 1.343 to 3.129). Independent predictors of incident HR HPV infection were patient category (a sexually transmitted disease) and ever having been pregnant. The time of acquisition of HR HPV infection was 3 months shorter than that of an abnormal Pap smear. At the baseline the high load of a particular HR HPV type is the single most important predictor of an incident Pap smear abnormality, whereas young age and having a sexually transmitted disease predict incident HR HPV infections.

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