This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gallimore, C. I. Articles by Brown, D. W. G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gallimore, C. I. Articles by Brown, D. W. G.

Diversity of Noroviruses Cocirculating in the North of England from 1998 to 2001

Chris I. Gallimore,^1* Jonathan Green,^1, David Lewis,² Alison F. Richards,¹ Benjamin A. Lopman,³ Antony D. Hale,² Roger Eglin,^2, Jim J. Gray,¹ and David W. G. Brown¹

Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division,¹ Gastrointestinal Infections Division, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Health Protection Agency, London,³ Leeds Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Yorkshire and Humber, Leeds, United Kingdom²

Received 22 August 2003/ Returned for modification 5 November 2003/ Accepted 22 December 2003

A study was undertaken to investigate the diversity of noroviruses (NVs) in fecal samples from patients from 529 outbreaks and 141 sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in the North of England from September 1998 to August 2001. NV strains were detected by electron microscopy and characterized by a combination of the Grimsby virus antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase PCR, the heteroduplex mobility assay, and DNA sequencing. Twenty-one distinct NV strains, including several novel or variant strains not seen previously, were found circulating in the population studied. Genogroup II NVs were responsible for 83% of the outbreaks. Several strains cocirculated at any one time. The Bristol (Grimsby/Lordsdale) and Hawaii (Girlington) genotypes were the most prevalent among the NVs identified, detected in 49 and 20% of the outbreaks, respectively. A limited number of other genogroup II and I strains were cocirculating. The virus populations detected in hospitals and nursing homes were distinct from those found in community-based outbreaks. Outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes were more likely to be caused by genogroup II strain Grimsby or Girlington (P < 0.0001) than by other genogroup II or I strains.

Present address: Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom.

Present address: National Microbiology Transfusion Laboratories, National Blood Service, London, United Kingdom.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Adamson, W. E., Gunson, R. N., Maclean, A., Carman, W. F. (2007). Emergence of a New Norovirus Variant in Scotland in 2006. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 4058-4060 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Siebenga, J. J., Vennema, H., Renckens, B., de Bruin, E., van der Veer, B., Siezen, R. J., Koopmans, M. (2007). Epochal Evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus Capsid Proteins from 1995 to 2006. J. Virol. 81: 9932-9941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Castilho, J. G., Munford, V., Resque, H. R., Fagundes-Neto, U., Vinje, J., Racz, M. L. (2006). Genetic Diversity of Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3947-3953 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vidal, R., Roessler, P., Solari, V., Vollaire, J., Jiang, X., Matson, D. O., Mamani, N., Prado, V., O'Ryan, M. L. (2006). Novel recombinant norovirus causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis in santiago, chile.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2271-2275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ike, A. C., Brockmann, S. O., Hartelt, K., Marschang, R. E., Contzen, M., Oehme, R. M. (2006). Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus in Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Southwest Germany from 2001 to 2004. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 1262-1267 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sasaki, Y., Kai, A., Hayashi, Y., Shinkai, T., Noguchi, Y., Hasegawa, M., Sadamasu, K., Mori, K., Tabei, Y., Nagashima, M., Morozumi, S., Yamamoto, T. (2006). Multiple Viral Infections and Genomic Divergence among Noroviruses during an Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 790-797 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bull, R. A., Tu, E. T. V., McIver, C. J., Rawlinson, W. D., White, P. A. (2006). Emergence of a New Norovirus Genotype II.4 Variant Associated with Global Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 327-333 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gallimore, C. I., Taylor, C., Gennery, A. R., Cant, A. J., Galloway, A., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Gray, J. J. (2006). Environmental Monitoring for Gastroenteric Viruses in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 395-399 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsugawa, T., Numata-Kinoshita, K., Honma, S., Nakata, S., Tatsumi, M., Sakai, Y., Natori, K., Takeda, N., Kobayashi, S., Tsutsumi, H. (2006). Virological, Serological, and Clinical Features of an Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Due to Recombinant Genogroup II Norovirus in an Infant Home. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 177-182 [Abstract] [Full Text]