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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2005, p. 2729-2735, Vol. 43, No. 6
0095-1137/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.43.6.2729-2735.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Emergence of Fluconazole Resistance in a Candida parapsilosis Strain That Caused Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Emmi Sarvikivi,1* Outi Lyytikäinen,2 David R. Soll,3 Claude Pujol,3 Michael A. Pfaller,4 Malcolm Richardson,5,6 Pirkko Koukila-Kähkölä,5 Päivi Luukkainen,1 and Harri Saxén1

Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,1 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland,2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,3 Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,4 Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,5 Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland6

Received 13 December 2004/ Returned for modification 4 January 2005/ Accepted 18 February 2005

Candida parapsilosis is an increasing cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). It has been a persistent problem in the NICU of Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, since 1987. Fluconazole prophylaxis has been used to control the problem. The number of new infections has, however, increased markedly since September 2000. We assessed fluconazole consumption and occurrence of all Candida species in the NICU from 1991 to 2002. C. parapsilosis bloodstream isolates obtained in the NICU from 1990 to 2002 (n = 26) were genotyped and their fluconazole susceptibility was defined. A low rate of C. parapsilosis BSIs was correlated with high rates of consumption of fluconazole. No emergence of Candida species with primary resistance to fluconazole was detected. However, genotyping with a complex DNA fingerprinting probe revealed that a single strain of C. parapsilosis with decreasing susceptibility to fluconazole was responsible for cross-infections that caused BSIs in the NICU over a 12-year period. The emergence of fluconazole resistance in that strain was observed after more than 10 years of fluconazole prophylaxis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hospital for Children and Adolescents P.O. Box 280, Lastenlinnantie 11 C 29 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. Phone: 358-9-47180246. Fax: 358-9-47180288. E-mail:emmi.sarvikivi{at}fimnet.fi.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2005, p. 2729-2735, Vol. 43, No. 6
0095-1137/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.43.6.2729-2735.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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