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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2005, p. 2886-2894, Vol. 43, No. 6
0095-1137/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.43.6.2886-2894.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genomic Analysis of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Strains in Stool Specimens by Combination of Full-Length PCR and Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization

Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM 470, Rockville, Maryland 20852,¹ M. P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow Region, 142782 Russia,² St. Louis University, 221 North Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63103³

Received 10 November 2004/ Returned for modification 14 December 2004/ Accepted 9 January 2005

Sabin strains of poliovirus used in the manufacture of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) are prone to genetic variations that occur during growth in cell cultures and the organisms of vaccine recipients. Such derivative viruses often have increased neurovirulence and transmissibility, and in some cases they can reestablish chains of transmission in human populations. Monitoring for vaccine-derived polioviruses is an important part of the worldwide campaign to eradicate poliomyelitis. Analysis of vaccine-derived polioviruses requires, as a first step, their isolation in cell cultures, which takes significant time and may yield viral stocks that are not fully representative of the strains present in the original sample. Here we demonstrate that full-length viral cDNA can be PCR amplified directly from stool samples and immediately subjected to genomic analysis by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. Most fecal samples from healthy children who received OPV were found to contain variants of Sabin vaccine viruses. Sequence changes in the 5' untranslated region were common, as were changes in the VP1-coding region, including changes in a major antigenic site. Analysis of stool samples taken from cases of acute flaccid paralysis revealed the presence of mixtures of recombinant polioviruses, in addition to the emergence of new sequence variants. Avoiding the need for cell culture isolation dramatically shortened the time needed for identification and analysis of vaccine-derived polioviruses and could be useful for preliminary screening of clinical samples. The amplified full-length viral cDNA can be archived and used to recover live virus for further virological studies.

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