This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Swidsinski, A.
Right arrow Articles by Lochs, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Swidsinski, A.
Right arrow Articles by Lochs, H.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2005, p. 3380-3389, Vol. 43, No. 7
0095-1137/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.43.7.3380-3389.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Spatial Organization and Composition of the Mucosal Flora in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Alexander Swidsinski,1* Jutta Weber,1 Vera Loening-Baucke,1 Laura P. Hale,2 and Herbert Lochs1

Innere Klinik, Gastroenterologie, Charité Humboldt Universität, 10098 Berlin, Germany,1 Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 277102

Received 29 September 2004/ Returned for modification 7 December 2004/ Accepted 3 March 2005

The composition and spatial organization of the mucosal flora in biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), self-limiting colitis, irritable-bowel syndrome (IBS), and healthy controls were investigated by using a broad range of fluorescent bacterial group-specific rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Each group included 20 subjects. Ten patients who had IBD and who were being treated with antibiotics were also studied. Use of nonaqueous Carnoy fixative to preserve the mucus layer was crucial for detection of bacteria adherent to the mucosal surface (mucosal bacteria). No biofilm was detectable in formalin-fixed biopsy specimens. Mucosal bacteria were found at concentrations greater than 109/ml in 90 to 95% of IBD patients, 95% of patients with self-limiting colitis, 65% of IBS patients, and 35% of healthy controls. The mean density of the mucosal biofilm was 2 powers higher in IBD patients than in patients with IBS or controls, and bacteria were mostly adherent. Bacteroides fragilis was responsible for >60% of the biofilm mass in patients with IBD but for only 30% of the biofilm mass in patients with self-limiting colitis and <15% of the biofilm mass in patients with IBS. In contrast, bacteria which positively hybridized with the probe specific for Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides accounted for >40% of the biofilm in IBS patients but for <15% of the biofilm in IBD patients. In patients treated with (5-ASA) or antibiotics, the biofilm could be detected with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole but did not hybridize with fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. A Bacteroides fragilis biofilm is the main feature of IBD. This was not previously recognized due to a lack of appropriate tissue fixation. Both 5-ASA and antibiotics suppress but do not eliminate the adherent biofilm.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Innere Klinik, Gastroenterologie, Charité, 10098 Berlin, Germany. Phone: 49 30 450 514 102. Fax: 49 30 450 514 923. E-mail: alexander.swidsinski{at}charite.de.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2005, p. 3380-3389, Vol. 43, No. 7
0095-1137/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.43.7.3380-3389.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Sears, C. L. (2009). Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a Rogue among Symbiotes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22: 349-369 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Malyukova, I., Murray, K. F., Zhu, C., Boedeker, E., Kane, A., Patterson, K., Peterson, J. R., Donowitz, M., Kovbasnjuk, O. (2009). Macropinocytosis in Shiga toxin 1 uptake by human intestinal epithelial cells and transcellular transcytosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 296: G78-G92 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vaishnava, S., Behrendt, C. L., Ismail, A. S., Eckmann, L., Hooper, L. V. (2008). Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 20858-20863 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lebeer, S., Vanderleyden, J., De Keersmaecker, S. C. J. (2008). Genes and Molecules of Lactobacilli Supporting Probiotic Action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72: 728-764 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chichlowski, M., Hale, L. P. (2008). Bacterial-mucosal interactions in inflammatory bowel disease--an alliance gone bad. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 295: G1139-G1149 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sokol, H., Pigneur, B., Watterlot, L., Lakhdari, O., Bermudez-Humaran, L. G., Gratadoux, J.-J., Blugeon, S., Bridonneau, C., Furet, J.-P., Corthier, G., Grangette, C., Vasquez, N., Pochart, P., Trugnan, G., Thomas, G., Blottiere, H. M., Dore, J., Marteau, P., Seksik, P., Langella, P. (2008). From the Cover: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 16731-16736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Johansson, M. E. V., Phillipson, M., Petersson, J., Velcich, A., Holm, L., Hansson, G. C. (2008). The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 15064-15069 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Frolova, L., Drastich, P., Rossmann, P., Klimesova, K., Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H. (2008). Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CD14 in Biopsy Samples of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Upregulated Expression of TLR2 in Terminal Ileum of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 56: 267-274 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fishbein, T, Novitskiy, G, Mishra, L, Matsumoto, C, Kaufman, S, Goyal, S, Shetty, K, Johnson, L, Lu, A, Wang, A, Hu, F, Kallakury, B, Lough, D, Zasloff, M (2008). NOD2-expressing bone marrow-derived cells appear to regulate epithelial innate immunity of the transplanted human small intestine. Gut 57: 323-330 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Subramanian, S., Roberts, C. L., Hart, C. A., Martin, H. M., Edwards, S. W., Rhodes, J. M., Campbell, B. J. (2008). Replication of Colonic Crohn's Disease Mucosal Escherichia coli Isolates within Macrophages and Their Susceptibility to Antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 427-434 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Van Kruiningen, H J, Colombel, J.-F. (2008). The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn's disease. Gut 57: 1-4 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lebeer, S., Verhoeven, T. L. A., Perea Velez, M., Vanderleyden, J., De Keersmaecker, S. C. J. (2007). Impact of Environmental and Genetic Factors on Biofilm Formation by the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 6768-6775 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Geisel, J., Kahl, F., Muller, M., Wagner, H., Kirschning, C. J., Autenrieth, I. B., Frick, J.-S. (2007). IL-6 and Maturation Govern TLR2 and TLR4 Induced TLR Agonist Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance in Dendritic Cells. J. Immunol. 179: 5811-5818 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sandek, A., Bauditz, J., Swidsinski, A., Buhner, S., Weber-Eibel, J., von Haehling, S., Schroedl, W., Karhausen, T., Doehner, W., Rauchhaus, M., Poole-Wilson, P., Volk, H.-D., Lochs, H., Anker, S. D. (2007). Altered Intestinal Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: 1561-1569 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bollinger, R R., Barbas, A. S, Bush, E. L, Lin, S. S, Parker, W. (2007). Biofilms in the normal human large bowel: fact rather than fiction. Gut 56: 1481-1482 [Full Text]  
  • Nuding, S., Fellermann, K., Wehkamp, J., Stange, E. F (2007). Reduced mucosal antimicrobial activity in Crohn's disease of the colon. Gut 56: 1240-1247 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Frank, D. N., St. Amand, A. L., Feldman, R. A., Boedeker, E. C., Harpaz, N., Pace, N. R. (2007). Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 13780-13785 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Frick, J. S., Fink, K., Kahl, F., Niemiec, M. J., Quitadamo, M., Schenk, K., Autenrieth, I. B. (2007). Identification of Commensal Bacterial Strains That Modulate Yersinia enterocolitica and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Inflammatory Responses: Implications for the Development of Probiotics. Infect. Immun. 75: 3490-3497 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Heimesaat, M M, Fischer, A, Jahn, H-K, Niebergall, J, Freudenberg, M, Blaut, M, Liesenfeld, O, Schumann, R R, Gobel, U B, Bereswill, S (2007). Exacerbation of murine ileitis by Toll-like receptor 4 mediated sensing of lipopolysaccharide from commensal Escherichia coli. Gut 56: 941-948 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gewirtz, A. T. (2007). TLRs in the Gut. III. Immune responses to flagellin in Crohn's disease: good, bad, or irrelevant?. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292: G706-G710 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Korzenik, J R (2007). Is Crohn's disease due to defective immunity?. Gut 56: 2-5 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Heimesaat, M. M., Bereswill, S., Fischer, A., Fuchs, D., Struck, D., Niebergall, J., Jahn, H.-K., Dunay, I. R., Moter, A., Gescher, D. M., Schumann, R. R., Gobel, U. B., Liesenfeld, O. (2006). Gram-Negative Bacteria Aggravate Murine Small Intestinal Th1-Type Immunopathology following Oral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 177: 8785-8795 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Han, X., Osuntokun, B., Benight, N., Loesch, K., Frank, S. J., Denson, L. A. (2006). Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5b Promotes Mucosal Tolerance in Pediatric Crohn's Disease and Murine Colitis. Am. J. Pathol. 169: 1999-2013 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Scanlan, P. D., Shanahan, F., O'Mahony, C., Marchesi, J. R. (2006). Culture-Independent Analyses of Temporal Variation of the Dominant Fecal Microbiota and Targeted Bacterial Subgroups in Crohn's Disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3980-3988 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Heidemann, J., Domschke, W., Kucharzik, T., Maaser, C. (2006). Intestinal microvascular endothelium and innate immunity in inflammatory bowel disease: a second line of defense?. Infect. Immun. 74: 5425-5432 [Full Text]  
  • Furrie, E (2006). A molecular revolution in the study of intestinal microflora. Gut 55: 141-143 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»