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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2006, p. 2109-2118, Vol. 44, No. 6
0095-1137/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.02064-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Geographical Distribution of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 BgKL Variant in Japan Suggests Gradual Dispersion of the Virus from Shikoku Island to the Other Islands

Shigeru Ozawa,1 Hiroyuki Eda,2,3 Kozaburo Hayashi,4 the Cooperation Group for HSV-1 RFLP Variant Study, Kamesaburo Yoshino,1,{dagger} and Kazuo Yanagi2*

Yamanashi Institute of Health, Fujimi 1-7-31, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan,1 Herpesvirus Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,2 The Master's Program of Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,3 Public Health Research Institute of Kobe City, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture 650-0046, Japan4

Received 3 October 2005/ Returned for modification 1 January 2006/ Accepted 6 March 2006

Restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is useful for the epidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We report here the identification of a major BglII RFLP variant of HSV-1, designated BgKL, found in 27.0% of 636 HSV-1 clinical isolates. We have also established its geographic distribution in Japan. BgKL has an unusually large BglII K fragment. SalI cleavage analyses showed that 97% of BgKL variant isolates lack both the SalI C-J and the F-J cleavage sites and have an unusually large SalI D or E fragment, and 91% of the BgKL variants lack both SalI G and H fragments. Furthermore, 96% of BgKL isolates have an unusually small KpnI M fragment. Therefore, BgKL is a marker for these five mutations in most HSV-1 isolates and is a useful HSV-1 RFLP marker. The BgKL variant was found in 59% of HSV-1 isolates from Shikoku Island, 44% of HSV-1 isolates from the Chugoku region of Honshu Island, 31% of HSV-1 isolates from Kyushu Island, 0% of HSV-1 isolates from Okinawa Island, 49% of HSV-1 isolates from Osaka, 27% of HSV-1 isolates from Shiga, 13% of HSV-1 isolates from the Chubu Region, and 9% of HSV-1 isolates from the Tohoku Region of Honshu Island. Differences in the frequency of BgKL between the Shikoku-Chugoku-Osaka area (49%) and Kyushu, between Kyushu and Okinawa, between the Shikoku-Chugoku-Osaka area and Shiga, and between Shiga and Tohoku are all statistically significant. The BgKL frequency decreases in a geographical gradient suggest that this HSV-1 variant was dispersed from Shikoku to the surrounding regions and then to more distant regions. The BgKL frequency in Tokyo was similar to the nationwide average. These are the first data to suggest a geographic and demographic dispersion pattern of HSV-1. Implications for the epidemiology and diversification of HSV-1 are discussed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. Phone: 81-3-5285-1111. Fax: 81-3-5285-1150. E-mail: kyanagi{at}nih.go.jp.

{dagger} Deceased after the completion of this study.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2006, p. 2109-2118, Vol. 44, No. 6
0095-1137/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.02064-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Ban, F., Asano, S., Ozawa, S., Eda, H., Norman, J., Stroop, W. G., Yanagi, K. (2008). Analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism variants associated with herpes gladiatorum and Kaposi's varicelliform eruption in sumo wrestlers. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 2410-2415 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ozawa, S., Eda, H., Ishii, Y., Ban, F., Funabashi, T., Hata, S., Hayashi, K., Iga, H., Ikushima, T., Ishiko, H., Itagaki, T., Kawana, R., Kobayashi, S., Ogino, T., Sekizawa, T., Shimomura, Y., Shiota, H., Mori, R., Nakakita, T., Numazaki, Y., Ozaki, Y., Yamamoto, S., Yoshino, K., Yanagi, K. (2007). The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 BgKL Variant, Unlike the BgOL Variant, Shows a Higher Association with Orolabial Infection than with Infections at Other Sites, Supporting the Variant-Dispersion-Replacement Hypothesis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 2183-2190 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eda, H., Ozawa, S., Yoshino, K., Yanagi, K., the Cooperation Group for HSV-1 RFLP Variant Study, (2007). Contrasting Geographic Distribution Profiles of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 BgOL and BgKL Variants in Japan Suggest Dispersion and Replacement. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 771-782 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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