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Emergence of Usutu Virus in Hungary

Tamás Bakonyi,^1,2* Károly Erdélyi,³ Krisztina Ursu,³ Emke Ferenczi,⁴ Tibor Csörg,⁵ Helga Lussy,² Sonja Chvala,⁶ Christiane Bukovsky,⁶ Tanja Meister,⁶ Herbert Weissenböck,⁶ and Norbert Nowotny²

Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Hungária krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary,¹ Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria,² Central Veterinary Institute, Tábornok u. 2, H-1147 Budapest, Hungary,³ National Center for Epidemiology, Gyáli u. 2-6, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary,⁴ Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary,⁵ Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria⁶

Received 11 July 2007/ Returned for modification 16 August 2007/ Accepted 26 September 2007

In 2001, Usutu virus (USUV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup related to West Nile virus and previously restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, emerged in wild and zoo birds in and around Vienna, Austria. In order to monitor the spread of the infection, a dead bird surveillance program was established in Austria and in neighboring Hungary. In Hungary, 332 dead birds belonging to 52 species were tested for USUV infection between 2003 and 2006. In the first 2 years, all birds investigated were negative. In August 2005, however, USUV was detected in organ samples of a blackbird (Turdus merula), which was found dead in Budapest, Hungary, by reverse transcription-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. In July and August 2006, a further six dead blackbirds tested positive for USUV, and the virus was isolated from organ samples of one bird. These birds were also found in urban areas of Budapest. The nearly complete genomic sequence of one Hungarian USUV strain was determined; it was found to share 99.9% identity with the strain that has been circulating in Austria since 2001. This result indicates that the USUV strain responsible for the blackbird die-off in Budapest most likely spread from Austria to Hungary instead of being independently introduced from Africa.

Published ahead of print on 3 October 2007.