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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, March 2007, p. 771-782, Vol. 45, No. 3
0095-1137/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01236-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Contrasting Geographic Distribution Profiles of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 BgO_L and BgK_L Variants in Japan Suggest Dispersion and Replacement

Hiroyuki Eda,^1,2,3, Shigeru Ozawa,⁴ Kamesaburo Yoshino,^4, Kazuo Yanagi,^1,2* and the Cooperation Group for HSV-1 RFLP Variant Study

Herpesvirus Laboratory, Department of Virus I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,¹ Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,² The Program of Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,³ Yamanashi Institute of Health, Fujimi 1-7-31, Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture 400-0027, Japan⁴

Received 16 June 2006/ Returned for modification 20 August 2006/ Accepted 27 December 2006

Thelifelong latent infection-reactivation mode of infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transmitted by close contact has allowed a diversity of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variations to accumulate in human populations. Whether and how the variants of the HSV-1 that is ubiquitous worldwide spread to different human populations is not clear. In our previous study the geographically gradient distribution of the HSV-1 BgK_L variant, which is a good marker for the BgK_L:SaCFJ_M:SaGH_M:SaD/E_L:KpM_S variant, suggested that BgK_L dispersed geographically. Southern hybridization analyses showed that in BgK_L the BglII cleavage site between the BglII K and small "Q/#13" fragments is lost, the SalI cleavage sites between the SalI J and C and between SalI F and J fragments are lost, and the SalI E fragment is abnormally large (SaE_L variation). The RFLP and geographic distribution of one more HSV-1 RFLP variant, BgO_L, were comparatively analyzed. The BglII cleavage site between the BglII O and Q/#13 fragments is lost in BgOL. BgO_L clinical isolates were not associated with any of the SaCFJ_M, SaE_L, SaGH_M, or KpM_S variations, whereas one-fourth of the non-BgO_L:non-BgK_L isolates was associated with SaCFJ_M and SaGH_M, indicating that BgK_L and BgO_L are distant in terms of diversification. BgO_L is distributed highly in the northeastern region and the southwestern island of Kyushu but is rare between the two regions in Japan, in a remarkable contrast to BgK_L. These are the first epidemiologic data to show contrasting geographic distribution profiles of two HSV-1 variants and suggest the gradual dispersion and replacement of HSV-1 variants.

Published ahead of print on 10 January 2007.

Present address: Discovery Biology Research, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan, Taketoyo 5-2, Aichi 470-2393, Japan.

Deceased after the completion of this study.

Contributing members of the Cooperation Group are listed in the Acknowledgments.

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