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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, March 2007, p. 891-896, Vol. 45, No. 3
0095-1137/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01919-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Use of Dried Spots of Whole Blood, Plasma, and Mother's Milk Collected on Filter Paper for Measurement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Burden{triangledown}

Workenesh Ayele,1 Rob Schuurman,3 Tsehaynesh Messele,1 Wendelien Dorigo-Zetsma,4 Yohannes Mengistu,5 Jaap Goudsmit,6 William A. Paxton,7 Michel P. de Baar,2 and Georgios Pollakis7*

Ethio-Netherlands AIDS Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,1 Primagen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,2 Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,3 Regional Microbiological and Serological Laboratory, Hospital Hilversum, Hilversum, The Netherlands,4 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia,5 Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands,6 Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands7

Received 15 September 2006/ Returned for modification 4 December 2006/ Accepted 17 December 2006

We studied the use of dried spots of bodily fluids (plasma, whole blood, and mother's milk) on filter paper as a means of sample collection and storage for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load testing under stringent field conditions. Plasma placed directly in lysis buffer, which is customarily used for viral load assays, was used for comparison in all our experiments. Utilizing reconstruction experiments, we demonstrate no statistical differences between viral loads determined for plasma and mother's milk spotted on filter paper and those for the same fluids placed directly in lysis buffer. We found that the addition of whole blood directly to lysis buffer was unreliable and could not be considered a feasible option. However, viral load measurements for whole blood spotted onto filter paper correlated with plasma viral load values for both filter spots and lysis buffer (Pearson correlation coefficients, 0.7706 and 0.8155, respectively). In conclusion, dried spots of plasma, whole blood, or mother's milk provide a feasible means for the collection, storage, and shipment of samples for subsequent viral load measurement and monitoring. Virus material spotted and dried on filter paper is a good inexpensive alternative for collecting patient material to monitor the HIV-1 viral load. Measuring the HIV-1 burden from whole blood dried on filter paper provides a suitable alternative for low-technology settings with limited access to refrigeration, as can be found in sub-Saharan Africa.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, Room K3-113B, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Phone: 31205668572. Fax: 31205669064. E-mail: g.pollakis{at}amc.uva.nl.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 24 January 2007.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, March 2007, p. 891-896, Vol. 45, No. 3
0095-1137/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01919-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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