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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, May 1998, p. 1410-1413, Vol. 36, No. 5
Department of Microbiology, Royal Free
Hospital School of Medicine, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
Received 20 October 1997/Returned for modification 10 January
1998/Accepted 29 January 1998
IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism typing
is now established as the primary typing method for Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It has been assumed that the position of bands is
random. Thus, the discrimination of the technique increases in
proportion to the copy number. Two collections of M. tuberculosis were investigated to test this hypothesis. We
identified 33 positions in isolates from a Tanzanian collection and 25 positions in isolates from a London, United Kingdom, collection where
bands were significantly more likely to be present than would be
expected by chance. These data suggest that band position is not
random, and this possibility may have an impact on the interpretation
of molecular epidemiological studies of M. tuberculosis.
The insertion sequence
IS6110 is found in almost all isolates of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is present in between 1 and over 20 copies per isolate (2). The positions of these
copies have been used in an internationally standardized restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) protocol to type M. tuberculosis (13), and the protocol is a powerful tool
for unravelling questions of tuberculosis epidemiology. It has been
particularly useful in investigating tuberculosis outbreaks in closed
communities such as hospitals and prisons (4, 9, 11) and in
detecting cross-infection by shared use of equipment or laboratory
cross-contamination (9, 12). More recently population-based
studies have been reported (3), and it has been possible to
follow the spread of drug-resistant isolates in wider communities
(1, 7, 14).
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis possesses an insertion
sequence, IS900, which has a defined 5-bp target (AGGAG) at
which it integrates into the bacterial chromosome (6). No
similar target sequence has been reported for IS6110,
although the direct repeat locus has been recognized as a hot spot for
integration, being the common site for single copy strains
(10). It has been speculated that this site represents the
original point of entry for IS6110 and other copies arise
from further transposition events (10). The sequence
adjacent to this site has been determined and given the name
IS6110 preferential locus (ipl) (8).
IS6110 typing is dependent on the premises that integration
into the genome is random and that the discrimination of the technique increases in proportion to the copy number. The aim of this study was
to test the hypothesis that integration of IS6110 into the genome of M. tuberculosis is random. If, alternatively,
there were integration hot spots this would confound the interpretation of the many population-based IS6110 typing studies currently
under way.
Two collections of M. tuberculosis isolates were
investigated to ensure that results would not be confounded by a bias
due to transmission of strains in a single population. One collection consisted of 207 strains isolated from patients with tuberculosis diagnosed in the Royal Free and St George's Hospitals, London, United
Kingdom, who had acquired their
infection from a wide range of countries including the Indian
subcontinent, Africa, Southern Europe, and the United Kingdom. The
second was a group of 154 strains collected from the Northern Zone of
Tanzania as part of a study of the interaction of human
immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis.
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Nonrandom Association of IS6110 and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Implications for Molecular
Epidemiological Studies
ABSTRACT
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TABLE 1.
Positions of hot spots in Tanzanian and
London isolates
Analysis of IS6110 RFLP was performed by the International Standard Method (13). Fingerprints were compared by using GelCompar computer analysis software; this process normalized the gel image, dividing each track into 400 arbitrary divisions. The number of isolates with IS6110 bands located in each of the positions defined by the GelCompar program was plotted.
The number of IS6110 bands in each position is illustrated in Fig. 1 for the Tanzanian isolates, and a similar pattern was found for the London strains (Table 1). If IS6110 were randomly distributed in the M. tuberculosis genome, the graph line would be parallel to the x axis and have a value equal to the total number of IS6110 bands divided by the total number of positions and would vary around that mean. Distinct peaks were found in a number of positions.
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In Fig. 2 the number of positions with a
given number of IS6110 bands is plotted for the Tanzanian
and London isolates together with the expected number of positions with
a given number of IS6110 bands and its Poisson distribution.
A 
2 test was performed by calculating the expected
number of positions with a given number of IS6110 bands and
comparing this with the observed number. The results of this test for
the Tanzanian isolates were 2 = 2,486, df = 11, P < 0.0005, and for the London isolates the results
were 2 = 8,133, df = 12, P = 0.0005. This 2 analysis demonstrates that the observed
frequency distribution is significantly different from the predicted,
random distribution for both populations, indicating that band
positions are not randomly associated but that there are favored
locations where more than the expected number of IS bands are found. By
using these data it was possible to define hot spots for each
collection of isolates as positions where the expected number of
positions with a given number of IS6110 bands was less than
0.16 (i.e., >99% confidence interval), giving cutoff values of 13 and
16 IS bands per position for the Tanzanian and London isolates,
respectively. These positions are listed in Table 1. For the Tanzanian
isolates a total of 33 hot spots were identified, although 17 peaks
were noted on the frequency distribution graphs as many hot spots are
found in adjacent positions (Table 1). The majority of the hot spots are shared by the two populations we studied. It should be noted that
these hot spots included the direct repeat locus which has already been
defined and is located at hot-spot position 254 (10).
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The number of IS6110 bands which were located in hot spots was calculated and the data for the combined populations are tabulated in Table 2. These results demonstrate that the majority of strains with five or fewer copies have IS6110 bands which are located in hot spots and confirm the need for such strains to be investigated by an alternative technique such as polymorphic GC-rich RFLP or spoligotyping (2). High-copy-number strains had IS6110 bands in the low-copy-number hot-spot sites but the reverse was rarely the case (data not shown). Thus, it appears that there may be two subpopulations of M. tuberculosis with distinct collections of IS6110 integration sites. The first subpopulation is defined by strains that have low copy numbers, i.e., less than five bands, and the second is defined by strains that have high copy numbers. This division agrees with the observation of Yang et al., who noted the existence of an Asian subgroup of M. tuberculosis strains with low copy numbers (14). Alternatively, low-copy-number sites may be transcriptionally inactive, making it less likely that the transposase will be transcribed and trigger a transposition event. Thus, when rare transposition events to more active sites occur copy number will rise rapidly, leaving few strains with an intermediate number of IS6110 bands (5).
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In high-copy-number strains a significant proportion of IS6110 bands are located in hot spots, and this is likely to have an effect on the sensitivity of IS6110 RFLP typing for discriminating among isolates. In strains which have many hot-spot IS6110 bands, removal of these conserved IS6110 bands from the similarity calculation may enhance discrimination, weighting the calculation to band positions which are randomly associated.
Although it is unlikely that we will see a consensus sequence similar to the target for IS900 integration, detailed sequence analysis of IS6110 hot-spot regions will identify the characteristics of the genome which favor integration of this insertion sequence.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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We gratefully acknowledge the help of Richard Morris with statistical advice, Nicki Hutchison for permission to use her RFLP data, and Anne Dickens for her technical assistance.
This work was supported by funds from The Special Trustees of the Royal Free Hospital (S.H.G.).
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill St., London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-171-794-0500. Fax: 44-171-794-0433. E-mail: stepheng{at}rfhsm.ac.uk.
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, May 1998, p. 1410-1413, Vol. 36, No. 5
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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