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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 1998, p. 2491-2494, Vol. 36, No. 9
Departments of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46202,1 and
Department of
Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense
Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan2
Received 2 March 1998/Returned for modification 29 April
1998/Accepted 13 June 1998
Differential PCR was performed to determine the copy number of rRNA
genes in Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.
Two different reference genes, thymidylate synthase (TS) and
beta-tubulin (BTU) genes, were used. Primers for the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear rRNA genes and either the TS
or BTU gene were mixed together to perform PCR on seven different
bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with P. carinii pneumonia. The radioactivity derived from the
incorporated radioactive nucleotides of each PCR product band was then
used to calculate the copy number of the ITS relative to that of the TS
or BTU gene. The copy number ratio between the ITS and the TS gene was
determined to be 0.8, and that between the ITS and the BTU gene was
also 0.8. These results suggest that the ITS has the same copy number
as the TS or BTU gene. Since the copy number of the TS or BTU gene is
presumed to be 1, the results also suggest that P. carinii
f. sp. hominis has only one copy of the ITS and thus one
copy of the nuclear rRNA genes. Therefore, two types of ITS sequences
derived from a specimen would indicate that the patient is infected by
two types of P. carinii f. sp. hominis.
Pneumocystis carinii f.
sp. hominis causes pneumonia in immunocompromised humans. It
is analogous to the form of P. carinii that was first found
in rats. P. carinii is a eukaryotic organism with an
uncertain taxonomical classification. It was first identified as a form
of trypanosome by Chagas (5) but was later reclassified as a
different organism by Delanoe and Delanoe (6, 7). P. carinii was traditionally thought to be a protozoan because it has
structures common to protozoa and is susceptible to antiprotozoan agents such as pentamidine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Currently, P. carinii is considered to be a fungus, based on
its ultrastructure, certain elements of its cellular biology, and nucleotide sequences of certain genetic loci. The ultrastructure of the
cyst wall of P. carinii resembles that of fungi
(30). Furthermore, P. carinii and fungal cell
walls share a common epitope which has been identified by a monoclonal
antibody (29). P. carinii also lacks some of the
characteristic protozoan organelles, such as rhoptries, subpellicular
tubules, and conoids (39). The nucleotide sequence of the
18S rRNA gene of P. carinii is more like that of fungi than
that of protozoa (11, 35). The gene for elongation factor 3 (EF-3), which is found exclusively in fungi, has been found in P. carinii (40). In addition, thymidylate synthase (TS)
and dihydrofolate reductase are two distinct enzymes in P. carinii (12, 14), whereas in protozoa, those activities are contained within a single bifunctional protein (36).
The entire nuclear rRNA gene cluster of P. carinii from rats
has been cloned and sequenced (11, 13, 25), and its
transcripts have been characterized (24). Like other
organisms, P. carinii has three species of nuclear rRNA
transcripts: 18S, 5.8S, and 26S. The regions located between 18S and
5.8S and between 5.8S and 26S are referred to as internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) regions. The region located between the 18S and 5.8S rRNA
genes is called ITS1, and the other is called ITS2. ITS sequences of
P. carinii f. sp. hominis have been found to vary
among different isolates. This nucleotide sequence variation has been
used for typing, and approximately 60 different ITS sequences have been
found (23). Some specimens were found to contain P. carinii f. sp. hominis with more than one type of ITS
sequence (19-21, 23, 26, 37). It is not clear whether these
different ITS sequence types represent different strains of P. carinii f. sp. hominis or whether they are derived from
different copies of the rRNA genes of the same organism. In order to
answer this question, we have determined the copy number of ITS in
P. carinii f. sp. hominis.
Specimens.
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from seven
different patients with P. carinii pneumonia were obtained
from the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Indiana University Hospital,
after routine diagnostic procedures had been completed. These specimens
were collected during the year 1997 and were processed for PCR as
described previously (22).
PCR.
All PCRs for this study were performed under the same
conditions. The reaction volume was 20 µl, and the reaction mixture contained 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2,
40 µM each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 5 pmol of each PCR primer, 10 µCi of Quantitation of PCR products.
The amplified products were
electrophoresed on an 8% polyacrylamide gel. A photograph of the gel
was taken. The gel was dried and then exposed to X-ray film in order to
obtain an autoradiogram. The gel was also exposed to a Storage Phospho
Screen (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.), and the radioactivity in each PCR
product band captured by the screen was determined with a
PhosphorImager (Storm 840; Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.).
Since it was difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of P. carinii f. sp. hominis DNA to perform Southern blot
hybridization, we decided to use differential PCR to determine the copy
number of the ITS of P. carinii f. sp. hominis. A
portion of the ITS regions is amplified simultaneously with a
single-copy reference gene in a multiplex PCR. The copy number of the
ITS is then determined based on the quantity of the ITS PCR product
compared to that of the reference gene. Differential PCR is usually
performed with single-step PCR. However, there was no single-step PCR
capable of amplifying ITS regions at the time when this study was
initiated. We speculated that the inability to amplify the ITS regions
by single-step PCR with primers that have been described (23,
26-28) was due to the excessive length of the intended target.
Therefore, we decided to develop another PCR method which amplifies a
smaller fragment of the target. Upon closer examination of the ITS
sequences of different types of P. carinii f. sp.
hominis, two areas located at nucleotide positions 16 to 39 and 118 to 142 in the ITS2 region were found to be conserved among all
14 types of ITS2 (23). A pair of primers, FT4
(5'-CAAGCAGAAAAAAGGGGATTGGGC-3') and RT4 (5'-CTTTCCCAGCGAATTTTTACGACAC-3'), was designed based on the
conserved sequences. The FT4 sequence is located at ITS2 nucleotide
positions 16 to 39, and the RT4 sequence is located at positions 118 to 142. This pair of primers would amplify a fragment of 127 bp. After
many trials of different PCR conditions, the conditions described in
Materials and Methods were found to be optimal for amplification.
To perform differential PCR for determination of the ITS copy number, a
single-copy reference gene is required. Since the sequence of the TS
gene of P. carinii f. sp. hominis is available (14, 31) and this gene is not known to have more than one copy, it was chosen as a single-copy reference gene. Many different pairs of PCR primers were tried, but only one pair, TS-F
(5'-CAGGTCAAGGAGTTGACCAACTAG-3', nucleotide positions 440 to
463) and TS-R (5'-TTAAAGGGAACACCTAGCCCCATG-3', nucleotide
positions 751 to 774), was found to be able to amplify the TS gene of
P. carinii f. sp. hominis under the PCR
conditions which were determined to be optimal for the single-step ITS
PCR. This pair of primers amplifies a fragment of 335 bp.
The differential PCR with the ITS as the target and the TS gene as the
reference was then applied to seven BAL specimens that were confirmed
microscopically to contain P. carinii f. sp.
hominis. All seven specimens produced both TS (335 bp) and
ITS (127 bp) bands in this differential PCR. Each specimen was assayed
three times. A representative photograph of PCR product bands is shown in Fig. 1. The radioactivity derived from
incorporated
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Determination of Copy Number of rRNA Genes in
Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis
ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
-35S-dCTP, 1.2 units of Taq
polymerase, and 50 ng of template DNA isolated from BAL specimens.
Temperature cycles for each PCR included 1 cycle of 94°C for 2 min; 5 cycles of 94°C for 1 min and 68°C for 2 min; 28 cycles of 94°C
for 40 s, 65°C for 40 s, and 68°C for 40 s; and 1 cycle of 72°C for 2 min.
RESULTS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
-35S-dCTP in each band was determined and
recorded (Table 1). The copy number of
the ITS relative to that of the TS gene was then calculated based on
the radioactivity counts of these bands. Since the number of cytosine
residues in the amplified TS fragment is 2.8 times that in the ITS (115 versus 41), the ITS copy number was determined by calculating (mean ITS
counts × 2.8)/mean TS counts; thus, (50,823 × 2.8)/178,648
(Table 1). In this calculation, the sums of the means of three repeats
for all seven TS and ITS bands were used and a value of 0.8 was
obtained. This result suggests that the copy number of the ITS is 0.8 times that of the TS gene. The copy number of the TS gene is presumed
to be 1, since it is not known to have more than one copy. Therefore,
the copy number of the ITS would be 0.8. Because the minimum copy
number of a gene is 1, this result implies that P. carinii
f. sp. hominis has one copy of the ITS and thus one copy of
nuclear rRNA genes.
View larger version (57K):
[in a new window]
FIG. 1.
Differential PCR for determination of the ITS copy
number, using the TS gene (A) or the BTU gene (B) as the reference
gene. Seven different BAL specimens were examined. The sizes of PCR
products are given on the right.
TABLE 1.
Radioactivity counts of PCR products from seven different
BAL specimens
To confirm this result, another differential PCR, using a different reference gene, the beta-tubulin (BTU) gene, was performed (9, 10). The same approaches were used for this PCR as for that with the TS gene. Many different pairs of primers were tried, and primers Tu-F (5'-TGGTTCCCTCACCAAAAGTTTCCG-3', nucleotide positions 1585 to 1608) and Tu-R (5'-GGATCCGGCAATTTCAATGTACGC-3', nucleotide positions 1763 to 1786) were found to be the most effective in amplifying the intended target under the conditions that were found to be optimal for ITS. Differential PCR with both ITS and BTU gene primers was then performed on all seven BAL specimens. Each specimen was again assayed three times. The BTU gene PCR amplifies a fragment of 202 bp. As in the TS-ITS differential PCR, the radioactivity in each PCR product band was determined and used to calculate the ITS copy number (Table 1). In this system, the number of cytosine residues in the amplified BTU gene fragment is 1.76 times that in the ITS (72 versus 41). A value of 0.8 was obtained when the calculation (mean ITS counts × 1.76)/mean TS counts was performed; thus, (10,816 × 1.76)/232,268 (Table 1).
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
In this study, experiments were performed to determine the copy number of the ITS of P. carinii f. sp. hominis. Since ITS regions are parts of the nuclear rRNA genes in P. carinii f. sp. hominis, the copy number of the ITS is also the copy number of rRNA genes. With the TS-ITS differential PCR, the copy number of the ITS was determined to be 0.8 times that of the TS gene. The copy number of the TS gene is presumed to be 1, since it is not known to have more than one copy. Therefore, the copy number of the ITS would be 0.8. Because the minimum copy number of a gene is 1, this result implies that P. carinii f. sp. hominis has one copy of the ITS and thus one copy of nuclear rRNA genes. Using the BTU gene as a reference, we obtained the same result. The copy number ratio between the ITS and the BTU gene was also determined to be 0.8. Since the same results were obtained from two different methods, it is quite certain that the data are reliable.
Copy number determination is normally achieved by Southern blot hybridization. Unfortunately, we were unable to obtain any clinical specimens that contained sufficient numbers of P. carinii f. sp. hominis organisms for Southern blot analysis. Therefore, we used differential PCR, which has been used to determine the copy number of many different genes, including C-myc (1, 32), N-myc (3, 17), erbB (4, 8, 16, 33), HER-2/neu (38), EGFR and MDM-2 (18), and a parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene (34). Since many factors can affect the efficiency of PCR, each specimen was examined under the same conditions three different times, and the mean of radioactivity counts of PCR products derived from incorporated radioactive nucleotides in the three reactions was used to calculate the copy number. We did observe variations in PCR efficiency between runs. For example, the standard deviations of radioactivity counts for the TS PCR of the TS-ITS differential PCR range from 167 to 3,092 (Table 1). Similar degrees of variation were also seen in other PCRs. To minimize the effect of these variations in copy number determination, we used the sum of the mean counts of all seven specimens for the calculation and obtained the same result from the two different differential PCRs.
The determination of the copy number of P. carinii f. sp. hominis rRNA genes has an important implication in typing. As described previously, nucleotide sequence variations in the ITS region can be used to type P. carinii f. sp. hominis isolates. In these typing studies, a number of specimens were found to contain more than one ITS type. It was uncertain whether those specimens actually contained more than one type of P. carinii f. sp. hominis or whether multiple types of ITS represent multiple copies of rRNA genes in the same P. carinii f. sp. hominis isolate. Since the copy number of P. carinii f. sp. hominis rRNA genes has been determined to be 1, multiple types of ITS sequences would represent multiple types of P. carinii f. sp. hominis in a specimen.
The copy number of rRNA genes in rat P. carinii has been determined to be less than 2 (15). In this study, we showed that P. carinii f. sp. hominis has only one copy of nuclear rRNA genes. Both studies reveal an unusual property of P. carinii, since most organisms have more than one copy of nuclear rRNA genes (2). Although we have determined that P. carinii f. sp. hominis has only one copy of nuclear rRNA genes, this result awaits confirmation by sequencing of the entire P. carinii f. sp. hominis genome.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT |
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This study was supported by NIH grant RO1 AI 34304.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1120 South Dr., FH 419, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5113. Phone: (317) 274-2596. Fax: (317) 278-0643. E-mail: chlee{at}iupui.edu.
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Discussion
References
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 1998, p. 2491-2494, Vol. 36, No. 9
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Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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