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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, May 1999, p. 1385-1392, Vol. 37, No. 5
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724.
Received 11 November 1998/Returned for modification 2 February
1999/Accepted 10 February 1999
Human infection with Cryptosporidium parvum usually
elicits characteristic immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM antibody
responses against two sporozoite surface antigens with apparent
molecular masses of approximately 27 and 17 kDa. We have determined
that these two antigens are actually complex families of related
antigens. We have developed two new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
(ELISAs) for the detection and quantitation of serum IgG antibodies
against both antigens. The assays utilize a recombinant form of the
27-kDa antigen and a partially purified native fraction isolated from sonicated whole oocysts that contains 17-kDa antigen. An immunoblot assay previously developed in our laboratory served as the reference, or "gold standard," seroassay for the assessment of the new ELISAs. Positive responses with the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA were correlated with the immunoblot results for the 27-kDa antigen, with a
sensitivity and specificity of 90 and 92%, respectively. Similarly,
positive responses with the partially purified native-17-kDa-antigen ELISA correlated with the immunoblot results for the 17-kDa antigen, with a sensitivity and specificity of 90 and 94%, respectively. For
both ELISAs the median IgG antibody levels for serum sets collected
during outbreaks of waterborne C. parvum infection were at
least 2.5-fold higher than the levels determined for a nonoutbreak set.
Using the immunoblot as the "gold standard," the new ELISAs were
more specific and, in the case of the 27-kDa-antigen ELISA, more
sensitive than the crude oocyst antigen ELISA currently in use. These
assays will be useful in future epidemiologic studies.
Cryptosporidium parvum, a
coccidian parasite of the mammalian intestinal epithelium, has been
identified as the agent responsible for numerous outbreaks of diarrheal
disease (5, 7, 8, 11, 13). In immunocompetent hosts, the
disease is self-limiting, but in immunocompromised individuals, the
disease can become chronic and debilitating (4, 6, 23).
Infection of both humans and animals with C. parvum elicits
the development of characteristic immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM
antibody responses against low-molecular-mass parasite antigens in the
27- and 17-kDa ranges (12, 15-17, 20, 21, 25, 26).
Preliminary work has suggested that the presence of antibody against
these two immunodominant antigens is associated with protection from
symptoms during infection (17). These antigens may be
important for invasion of the host cell, since oral administration of
monoclonal antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen is capable of reducing
the infection load in neonatal mice (2).
In the past, serum antibody responses to C. parvum infection
have been tracked by using a crude extract of disrupted oocysts as
antigen with either an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (28) or a Western blot assay (15, 16, 27). Recent
work has shown that the crude oocyst antigen ELISA is not a sensitive means of detecting antibodies against the immunodominant
low-molecular-mass C. parvum antigens (16, 17).
Although the Western blot assay is quite sensitive (it serves as the
reference, or "gold standard," in our work), it suffers from a
limited linear range and the antibody levels are difficult to
quantitate by densitometry. The assay is also technically challenging
and labor intensive, in that a gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel is required for optimal antigen separation. A
new assay capable of high sample throughput and easy quantitation is
required for planned population-based studies of the risk factors for
C. parvum infection in both immunocompetent and
immunocompromised persons. We report here the development of
ELISA-based techniques for the detection and quantitation of serum IgG
antibodies against the 27- and 17-kDa C. parvum antigens.
Preparation and purification of native antigen.
C.
parvum isolates from Maine and Iowa were maintained by serial
passage in Holstein calves (12, 13). Oocysts were isolated from collected feces by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation as described by Arrowood and Sterling (3). A crude antigen supernatant fraction was prepared by sonication and freezing-thawing of
purified oocysts followed by centrifugation for 30 min at
24,000 × g, as described elsewhere (14).
0095-1137/99/$04.00+0
Detection by Enzyme Immunoassay of Serum
Immunoglobulin G Antibodies That Recognize Specific
Cryptosporidium parvum Antigens
ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
20°C, thawed at 4°C,
mixed well, and subjected to two rounds of phase partitioning at 37°C
for 10 min. The detergent-rich phase from the final partition was
dissolved in 20 mM HEPES and 150 mM NaCl and centrifuged at
12,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C. Partially purified
antigens in the collected supernatant were precipitated with 4 volumes
of acetone at 20°C overnight. The precipitated proteins were
collected by centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 15 min
at 4°C and dried at room temperature. The pellet was dissolved either
in a nonreducing buffer, for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (10), or in a minimum volume of buffer containing 0.5% SDS
and 20 mM HEPES at pH 7.4, for use in ELISA. Both solutions were heated at 95°C for 5 min to insure solubilization.
Recombinant protein expression.
The following two
deoxyoligonucleotides were designed for the directional cloning of the
C. parvum 27-kDa antigen (22) (GenBank accession
no. U34390) into the BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzyme sites of the pGEX 4T-2 expression vector (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden): Cp23-5' primer (5'-CGC GGA TCC ATG GGT TGT TCA TCA
TCA AAG-3') and Cp23-3' primer (5'-GCG GAA TTC ATT AGG CAT CAG CTG GCT
TG-3'). The 27-kDa-antigen coding sequence was amplified from 260 ng of
genomic DNA by using 100 µM concentrations of Cp23-5' and Cp23-3' and
AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.) as
directed by the manufacturer. The following amplification protocol was
used: 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 55°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 3 min, followed by 1 cycle of 72°C for 15 min. Plasmids containing
inserts were transformed into Escherichia coli HB101 cells
(Life Technologies, Frederick, Md.). The sequence of the resulting
clone was confirmed by automated DNA sequencing. A recombinant C. parvum 27-kDa antigen-Schistosoma mansoni
glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein was purified
from isopropyl-
-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-induced
cell cultures by using glutathione Sepharose 4B as directed by the
manufacturer (GST bulk purification module; Pharmacia Biotech). The
C. parvum protein with an additional GlySer dipeptide at the
amino terminus was released by overnight cleavage with thrombin at room
temperature and then separated from uncleaved fusion protein and the
GST cleavage product by passage over glutathione Sepharose 4B resin.
Protein purity was monitored by both SDS-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis and Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody against
the native 27-kDa antigen (C6B6 [12]) and with serum samples from infected humans.
Western blot assay. Crude oocyst proteins from the Iowa isolate of C. parvum were resolved on gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gels (10 to 22.5% acrylamide) with the buffer system of Laemmli (10). The proteins were electrotransferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Immobilon P; Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) and cut into 2-mm-wide strips. Each strip was incubated overnight at 4°C with a 1:100 dilution of serum in phosphate-buffered saline (0.85% NaCl and 10 mM Na2HPO4 at pH 7.2) (PBS) containing 0.3% Tween 20 detergent. Bound antibodies were detected with a biotin-labeled mouse monoclonal antibody against human IgG (clone HP6017; Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, Calif.) and alkaline phosphatase-labeled streptavidin (Life Technologies). Nitro Blue Tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate were used to visualize the bound antibodies. The presence or absence of antibodies against the 17- and 27-kDa antigens was determined visually by three independent readers. Eight ambiguous samples (3.3% of the total) were reassayed, and four of these were assayed a third time until a consensus was reached by at least two of the readers.
Western blots that used a mouse monoclonal antibody for visualization of bound antibodies to the 27-kDa antigen (C6B6 [12]) or to the 17-kDa antigen (C6C1 [1]) were developed with a horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody in 0.3% Tween 20-PBS. After incubation for 1 h at room temperature, the antibodies were visualized with diaminobenzidine substrate and H2O2.ELISA. Antigens diluted in 0.1 M NaHCO3 buffer (pH 9.6) were used to sensitize 96-well plates (Immulon 2 flat-bottom microtiter immunoassay plates; Dynatech Industries, Inc., McLean, Va.) overnight at 4°C. Each well contained 50 µl of either the recombinant 27-kDa antigen (0.2 µg/ml) or the Triton X-114-extracted antigens (0.14 to 0.28 µg/ml) (BCA protein microassay; Pierce Biotechnology Company, Rockford, Ill.). The plates were blocked with 0.3% Tween 20-PBS for 1 h at 4°C. After a series of three washes (subsequent washes were all with 0.05% Tween 20-PBS), 50-µl aliquots of serum diluted 1:50 with wash buffer were added to all wells. All serum samples were tested in duplicate. A twofold serial dilution (1:50 to 1:6,400) of a strong positive control was used to generate a standard curve on each individual plate. One buffer blank and a battery of seven serum samples known by Western blot assay to be negative for C. parvum antibodies were also included on each plate. The plates were incubated for 2 h at room temperature and then washed four times with wash buffer. A biotinylated mouse monoclonal antibody against human IgG (clone HP6017; Zymed Laboratories) (50 µl of a 1:1,000 dilution in wash buffer) was added to each well and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Following four washes, the wells were filled with alkaline phosphatase-labeled streptavidin (Life Technologies) (50 µl of a 1:500 dilution in wash buffer) and incubated for an additional hour at room temperature. After four washes (the final wash was for 10 min at room temperature), p-nitrophenylphosphate substrate was added in 3 mM MgCl2 and 10% diethanolamine at pH 10, and the color was allowed to develop until the 1:50 positive control wells had reached an absorbance of about 1.5 at 405 nm. Absorbances were measured with a Molecular Devices UVmax kinetic microplate reader. Antibody levels of the unknown samples were assigned a unit value based on the eight-point positive control standard curve with a four-parameter curve fit. The 1:50 dilution of the positive control was arbitrarily assigned a value of 6,400 U. Unknown samples with absorbance values above the standard curve were diluted further and reassayed. Arbitrary unit values were expressed per microliter of serum.
For the crude oocyst antigen ELISA protocol, a modification of the protocol of Ungar et al. (28) was used. Each well contained 50 µl of crude oocyst antigen in bicarbonate buffer at a protein concentration of 2.0 µg/ml. Test serum samples were diluted 1:50 in 0.05% Tween 20-PBS, and the plates were developed as described above with a biotinylated monoclonal anti-IgG antibody and alkaline phosphatase-labeled streptavidin. Quantitation of the test serum samples was done as described above and was based on the same positive control serum dilution.Serum samples. Banked serum specimens were available for analysis, collected in 1988 from 74 employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who had no history of foreign travel and no documented exposure to C. parvum (referred to as the nonoutbreak serum set). Banked specimens were also available from individuals known to have been exposed to Cryptosporidium during outbreaks of waterborne infection: 129 from the 1987 outbreak in Carrollton, Ga. (7), and 35 from the 1994 outbreak in Walla Walla County, Wash. (5). The 129 serum samples from the Georgia outbreak were divided into two sets. The Georgia "early-outbreak" serum set consisted of 8 samples collected from individuals 2 to 26 days before symptom onset and 25 samples collected from symptomatic individuals at or less than 10 days after the onset of their diarrheal illnesses. Of these 33 samples, 22 were collected from individuals with laboratory-confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis. The Georgia "late-outbreak" set consisted of 76 samples from patients who met the clinical case definition for cryptosporidiosis (collected between 28 and 66 days after the onset of their diarrheal illness) and 20 samples from asymptomatic individuals who were exposed to the contaminated water supply (collected approximately 4 weeks after the outbreak) (7). Paired samples were available from four symptomatic individuals.
Of the 35 samples in the Washington outbreak serum set, 25 were collected from individuals who met the clinical case definition for infection with C. parvum and 10 were collected from exposed individuals who were asymptomatic or who had mild symptoms that did not meet the case definition (5). Four of the serum donors who met the clinical case definition had Cryptosporidium oocysts detected in their stools. All of the samples in the Washington outbreak set were collected approximately 6 weeks after the peak of the epidemic.Statistical analysis. ELISA absorbance values for the various sample sets were converted into unit values as described above, and geometric means were calculated. Geometric means were then compared by using a multiple-comparison t test. Blot positives were compared between groups with the Freeman-Tukey multiple-comparison test.
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RESULTS |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Partial purification of native antigens. During the course of infection with C. parvum, the host's IgG antibody response is directed against two low-molecular-mass sporozoite antigens. Using an optimized gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gel system, we have determined that the 27-kDa-antigen family contains approximately 5 proteins in the 23- to 27-kDa range and the 17-kDa-antigen family contains approximately 10 proteins in the 15- to 17-kDa range (Fig. 1) (see below). As shown by the representative Western blots in Fig. 1A, IgG antibodies against the 27- and 17-kDa-antigen families were consistently detected in late-outbreak serum samples collected from the Georgia patients 28 to 66 days after the onset of diarrhea. No other antigens were as consistently recognized by this battery of serum samples. Furthermore, antibodies against these antigens were detected more frequently in the late-outbreak sera than in early-outbreak sera (Fig. 1B) collected from Georgia patients. These observations suggested that antibodies against the two antigens might serve as useful markers for past infection with the parasite.
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Expression of recombinant 27-kDa antigen. The 11.2-kDa coding sequence identified by Perryman et al. (22) as the 27-kDa antigen was cloned into the pGEX expression vector in frame with GST. Induction with IPTG resulted in the appearance of a fusion protein band at an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa (Fig. 3, lanes 2 and 3). In contrast to the native antigen, the fusion protein was not membrane associated in the bacterial lysate nor could it be extracted into Triton X-114 (data not shown). The fusion protein bound to the glutathione Sepharose 4B column and could be eluted with only a few minor contaminants in the 30- to 32-kDa range (Fig. 3, lane 4). Cleavage of the glutathione Sepharose 4B-bound fusion protein with thrombin (Fig. 3, lane 5) resulted in a preparation that contained a single, weakly staining protein band at an apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa (Fig. 3, lane 6). The approximate yield of this purified protein was 0.2 mg (Micro BCA assay) per liter of E. coli culture.
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Western blot analysis of serum sets.
Serum sets that were
available for use in the ELISA sensitivity and specificity
determinations were assayed for the presence of anti-C.
parvum antibodies by using a modification of the Western blot
assay of Moss et al. (16). The Western blots shown in Fig. 1
are representative of the early- and late-outbreak serum sets available
from Carrollton, Ga. Of the early-outbreak serum samples, 33% were
positive by immunoblotting for IgG antibodies to the 17-kDa antigen and
52% were positive for antibodies to the 27-kDa antigen (Table
1). In contrast, 95 and 99% of the
late-outbreak serum samples were positive for antibodies against the
17- and 27-kDa antigens, respectively (Table 1). No significant
differences were observed between the Western blots of the serum
samples from symptomatic individuals and those from asymptomatic
individuals in the Georgia late-outbreak set. The Washington outbreak
serum set had frequencies of positive blots similar to those observed for the Georgia late-outbreak set: 80 and 97% were positive for antibodies against the 17- and 27-kDa antigens, respectively (Table 1).
As with the Georgia late-outbreak set, no significant differences were
observed between the Western blots of the serum from symptomatic and
asymptomatic individuals in the Washington set. The nonoutbreak serum
set had an intermediate frequency of positives for antibodies against
the 17-kDa antigen (62%) and a high frequency of positives for
antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen (92%).
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ELISA analysis of serum sets.
The serum sets were assayed by
ELISA with both the Triton X-114-extracted antigens and the recombinant
27-kDa antigen. The mean values, medians, and ranges (in arbitrary
units) for the two assays are given in Table
2. The Georgia early-outbreak set had the
lowest mean reactivity for both the Triton antigen (11.5 U) and the
recombinant 27-kDa antigen (102.5 U). The mean ELISA values were
significantly lower than those determined for the Georgia nonoutbreak
set (P = 0.0001 and 0.0012, respectively) and the
Georgia late-outbreak and Washington outbreak sets (P = 0.0001 for all comparisons). The mean Triton antigen and
recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA values for the nonoutbreak set were
seven- and fourfold higher, respectively, than those for the Georgia
early-outbreak set but were still significantly lower than those
determined for the Georgia late-outbreak (P = 0.0001
for both assays) and Washington outbreak (P = 0.0104
and 0.0226, respectively) sets.
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Sensitivity and specificity of ELISAs. Based on an overall comparison of the ELISA responses and the Western blotting results (which served as the reference, or gold standard), positive threshold unit values were chosen for both ELISAs so as to maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISAs relative to the Western blot. These values were generally greater than the cutoff values that would have been assigned based on a mean plus 3 standard deviations of the ELISA responses of the seven Western blot-negative controls that were included on each ELISA plate. Using a positive cutoff of 206 U, the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA was able to predict 90% of the samples that were positive by blotting for antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen and 92% of the samples that were negative by blotting. Using a positive cutoff of 76 U for the Triton-purified antigen ELISA, the assay was able to correctly identify 90% of those samples that were positive by blotting for antibodies against the 17-kDa antigen and 94% of the samples that were negative by blotting. We do not yet know if these values will be applicable to other serum sets and to other lots of purified and recombinant proteins.
The Triton antigen ELISA response did not correlate well with the 27-kDa-antigen blot response even though the 27-kDa antigen was present in the partially purified preparation used to sensitize the plates. Of 39 samples that were positive by blotting for antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen but negative by blotting for antibodies against the 17-kDa antigen, only 3 (8%) were defined as positive by the Triton-purified-antigen ELISA. Antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen were certainly present in most of these samples, since 30 (77%) were correctly identified as positive when the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA was used. Thus, the 17-kDa antigen appears to be responsible for most of the response seen in the ELISA with the partially purified Triton fraction. Others (16, 17) have reported that the blot responses to the 27- and 17-kDa antigens are not well correlated with the ELISA response when a crude oocyst antigen preparation is used to sensitize the plates. In our hands a modified version of the crude antigen ELISA (at a 117-U positive cutoff value chosen to optimize sensitivity and specificity relative to the Western blot) had a 91% sensitivity and a 60% specificity for detection of antibodies against the 17-kDa antigen. At the same unit value cutoff, the crude antigen assay accurately predicted 83% of the samples that were positive by blotting for antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen and 69% of those that were negative. However, of 23 samples that were negative by blotting for antibodies against both the 17- and 27-kDa antigens, 5 (22%) appeared to be positive by the crude antigen ELISA. Only one of these same samples was misclassified by the Triton antigen ELISA, and only two were misclassified by the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA. Of 42 samples that were positive by blotting for only one antigen, the crude antigen ELISA detected 21 (50%) while the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen and Triton-purified-antigen ELISAs together correctly identified 30 (71%).ELISAs on paired sera. Both ELISAs were used to monitor changes in antibody levels in paired serum samples from four symptomatic individuals (two of whom had laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis) from the Carrollton, Ga., outbreak. The initial serum samples were collected in the early-outbreak period (0 to 4 days after symptom onset), and the follow-up samples were collected in the late-outbreak period (41 to 68 days after symptom onset). A third sample was available from one individual (74 days after onset). As shown in Fig. 4A, two individuals who were initially negative for IgG antibodies by both ELISAs developed positive responses by the second time point. The seroconversion detected by ELISA for these two individuals was also evident by immunoblotting. IgG antibodies against the 27- and 17-kDa antigens as well as IgA antibodies against the 17-kDa antigen and IgM antibodies against the 27-kDa antigen were present in the late-outbreak serum specimens but absent from the early-outbreak samples (data not shown). One individual was ELISA positive by both assays at all time points and had peak levels of antibody approximately 40 days after onset. The remaining individual, who was initially negative for antibody by Triton antigen ELISA but positive by the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA, was positive by both assays at the later time point. All of the individuals experienced increases in antibody levels by both assays after the initial sample was collected. The Triton antigen ELISA and the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA were able to track changes in antibody levels in single individuals and to correctly identify those individuals who had anti-17-kDa and anti-27-kDa antibodies by Western blotting in each instance (blots not shown).
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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In the original report of the Carrollton, Ga., C. parvum outbreak (7), the IgG antibody seroprevalence was reported to be 76% in symptomatic individuals (n = 68) and 56% in asymptomatic individuals (n = 18) when a crude antigen ELISA was used. Using the Western blot assay, we reexamined this same late-outbreak serum set along with an additional eight samples from symptomatic individuals and two samples from asymptomatic individuals. The seroprevalences for IgG antibodies against the immunodominant 17- and 27-kDa antigens were much higher than anticipated, based upon the earlier ELISA results: 96% for the 17-kDa antigen and 100% for the 27-kDa antigen in the symptomatic individuals and 90 and 95% for these antigens, respectively, in the asymptomatic individuals. Discrepancies between the crude antigen ELISA and the Western blot assay have been described earlier by our laboratory and by others. Moss et al. (16) reported that, of 20 patients with confirmed or probable cryptosporidiosis who were classified as positive for antibodies against the low-molecular-mass antigens by immunoblotting, only 11 showed a significant change in crude antigen ELISA response between initial and follow-up serum samples. Of 14 noninfected individuals who did not meet the case definition for cryptosporidiosis and who were negative by immunoblot, 5 showed a significant change in crude antigen ELISA response between the two time points. Similarly, using a different version of the crude antigen ELISA, Ungar et al. (28) were able to identify only 70% of those individuals who had a 27-kDa-antigen response by Western blotting and 71% of those who were blot negative. Given that the antibody responses to the 27- and 17-kDa C. parvum antigens appear to be characteristic of infection and may be relevant to the development of symptomatic disease (17), a new ELISA with a sensitivity and specificity equivalent to those of Western blotting is required for future work.
A careful analysis of the 17- and 27-kDa antigens demonstrated that they are actually complex families of related proteins, some of which are membrane associated and some of which are soluble. We believe that the 10 antigens in the 17-kDa-antigen family and the 5 in the 27-kDa-antigen family share the same protein backbone but are modified to various extents, perhaps by endopeptidase cleavages and by the addition of carbohydrates and fatty acids. The five soluble antigens in the 15-kDa range and the two soluble antigens in the 23-kDa range probably represent cleaved forms of the 17- and 27-kDa antigens, respectively, that lack carbohydrates and a membrane anchor. The observation that the recombinant form of the 27-kDa antigen runs on SDS-polyacrylamide gels at an apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa but cannot be extracted into Triton X-114 detergent supports this hypothesis. We are currently studying the possibility that both antigens are linked to the membrane via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors.
Since the 17-kDa antigen has not yet been cloned, we exploited the membrane association of the antigens and their extractability into Triton X-114 detergent in order to partially purify a native protein fraction for use in one of the new ELISAs. The ELISA response with the Triton-extracted antigens correlated well (at least 90% sensitivity and specificity) with the presence or absence of antibodies against the 17-kDa antigen, as determined by Western blotting. The 27-kDa antigen present in the Triton fraction apparently does not contribute significantly to the ELISA response (at least at low antibody titers). This observation may reflect the low concentration of this antigen relative to the 17-kDa antigen. Based on the AuroDye-stained blot of the partially purified proteins, the 27-kDa antigen is probably present at a 10- to 20-fold lower concentration than the 17-kDa antigen. At 14 ng of antigen per well in the Triton ELISA, each well would contain less than 1 ng of the 27-kDa antigen compared with 10 ng per well in the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA.
Our inability to detect the 27-kDa-antigen response with the Triton-extracted-antigen ELISA led to the development of a second ELISA that uses a recombinant protein based on the 27-kDa-antigen sequence of Perryman et al. (22). Despite the absence of carbohydrates on the recombinant protein, the sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA (at least 90% compared to the Western blot assay) were similar to those observed for the native 17-kDa antigen in the Triton-extracted-antigen ELISA. This suggests that a significant proportion of the human antibody response is directed towards the protein component of the 27-kDa antigen. This result is consistent with our observation that antibody recognition of the 27- and 17-kDa antigens by Western blotting is retained following carbohydrate cleavage with periodate or anhydrous trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
Using the new assays, we were able to demonstrate statistically significant differences in ELISA responses between a nonoutbreak set of serum samples and sets of acute- and convalescent-phase sera from the Carrollton, Ga., outbreak. Late-outbreak serum samples from an outbreak in Washington State had ELISA responses similar to those of the Georgia outbreak. This suggests that there were no gross differences in the antigenic makeup of the isolates that were responsible for the two waterborne infection outbreaks, despite the widely separate geographic locations. We have recently examined serum samples from a food-borne infection outbreak with similar results (24). Surprisingly, we were also able to demonstrate a significant difference between the responses of the nonoutbreak serum set and the early-outbreak set. The early-outbreak set from Carrollton had a mean response by both ELISAs unexpectedly lower than that of the set collected contemporaneously from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention employees in nearby Atlanta. Although these serum sets are not representative of populations, it is interesting to speculate that the residents of Carrollton who became ill may have been at increased risk for symptomatic Cryptosporidium infection because of lower overall antibody titers. Human volunteer studies have suggested that the presence of an IgG antibody response to the 17- and 27-kDa antigens is able to prevent illness but not infection upon oocyst challenge (17). If this hypothesis is correct, the exposed but asymptomatic late-outbreak subsets should contain serum both from individuals who were not infected and from individuals who were infected but who never developed overt symptoms. Indeed, the mean ELISA values for these subsets were between those determined for the nonoutbreak set and those determined for the symptomatic late-outbreak subsets, but the observed differences were only statistically significant for one comparison (symptomatic versus asymptomatic Georgia late-outbreak sera by recombinant-27-kDa-antigen ELISA). Unfortunately, we do not know the levels of anti-17- and anti-27-kDa antibodies in any of the exposed, asymptomatic individuals prior to the two outbreaks, since paired serum samples were not available.
With paired serum specimens we have demonstrated that two symptomatic individuals who lacked an IgG response by both of the new ELISAs and the crude antigen ELISA and lacked IgG, IgA, and IgM responses by Western blotting were able to seroconvert to IgG positive by blotting and by ELISA upon C. parvum infection. IgA and IgM responses were also detected by immunoblot assay. In one of these individuals, infection was confirmed by microscopy of stool after acid-fast staining. These results are consistent with our previous experience with immunoblotting (17, 18). In contrast, Okhuysen et al. (19) were able to detect an IgM and an IgA response but not an IgG response upon primary challenge of volunteers with C. parvum. This apparent discrepancy may reflect the fact that Okhuysen et al. used a crude antigen ELISA for their work and based their assignment of seroconversion on an ELISA change of 0.1 optical density unit between a baseline serum and a postchallenge serum. When the crude antigen ELISA was used on the two individuals who seroconverted in our paired serum study, one demonstrated a 0.15-optical density unit change and the other had only a 0.062-unit change (data not shown). Our results suggest that most infected persons develop IgG antibody responses that can be detected with appropriately sensitive and specific assays.
In future studies, we hope to use these new assays to examine sample sets that are representative of the general population and of outbreak populations in order to determine basal IgG antibody levels and to relate changes in antibody levels to rates of Cryptosporidium exposure and infection.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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We are indebted to William MacKenzie for his critical comments and helpful suggestions on the manuscript. We would also like to recognize the assistance provided by Jan Mead and Maria-Teresa Bonafonte during the early stages of this work.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Mail Stop F-13, Building 23, Room 1025, 4770 Buford Highway N.E., Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Phone: (770) 488-4055. Fax: (770) 488-4108. E-mail: jip8{at}cdc.gov.
Present address: National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
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REFERENCES |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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| 1. | Arrowood, M. J. 1988. Ph.D. thesis. University of Arizona, Tucson. |
| 2. |
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