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Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with some gastric pathologies, such as duodenal and gastric ulcers, and is an important risk factor in gastric cancer evolution (25). Treatment of infection caused by this organism has been shown to require a combination of antibiotics, and metronidazole is frequently used in the eradication therapies. However, the high prevalence of resistant strains to this antimicrobial agent can lead to therapeutic failure. Determination of strain susceptibility to antibiotics, particularly to metronidazole, is very important (7, 10), but there are several problems with antimicrobial susceptibility testing of H. pylori (9, 11, 15, 16). Standardization of simple and fast test procedures that can be applied in routine laboratories, to allow a faster identification of resistant strains and the selection of more effective therapies, is now a real need (6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 29). Disk diffusion testing, since it is simple and economical, is very often used. However, the resistance breakpoints for H. pylori are not well defined. This is particularly evident from the different breakpoints, ranging from 4 to >32 µg/ml, already used by several authors (1, 7, 9, 15, 19, 22, 26, 30). The lack of standardization of the breakpoint MIC for metronidazole can lead to the misclassification of strains into the susceptibility interpretative categories, with important clinical implications. The aim of this study was the standardization of the disk diffusion method for metronidazole, by correlating the results with MICs determined both by the agar dilution method (which is accepted as a standard and has been used in several studies) (17, 20) and by a quantitative gradient diffusion test (E test) (4, 5, 14, 23, 27). Based on a breakpoint interpretative error rate analysis (21), we defined three susceptibility categories (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant) and the inhibition zone diameters corresponding to them.

Bacteria and inoculum preparation. One hundred H. pylori strains from gastric biopsy specimens were isolated on Pylori selective medium (BioMérieux) and stored at 70°C in brucella broth (Gibco Europe) with 25% glycerol. Frozen clinical isolates were thawed and inoculated on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates (Oxoid) supplemented with 10% horse blood (12) and incubated under microaerophilic conditions produced by a gas-generating system (Campylobacter system; Oxoid). For inoculum preparation, strains were incubated in MHA plus 10% horse blood for 48 h at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions, produced as described above. Given the importance of inoculum homogeneity (3, 12), cellular viability was controlled microscopically by morphological observation with gram staining, in order to check the proportions of coccoid cells in cultures (18). Cultures were always used after 48 h of incubation, when they generally did not present coccoid forms. Suspensions were prepared in sterile distilled water to an opacity of 3 to 4 McFarland standard (ca. 10⁹ CFU/ml).

Agar dilution susceptibility test. Metronidazole (Sigma) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) (Merck) and diluted in sterile distilled water to produce serial log₂ dilutions (ranging from 0.125 to 64 µg/ml) in 50°C MHA supplemented with 10% horse blood. Final concentrations of DMF were always lower than the MICs assessed for H. pylori strains. The plates were inoculated with 1 to 2 µl of suspensions at a 3 to 4 McFarland standard (ca. 10⁶ CFU) by means of an automated multipoint inoculator (Denley) and incubated for 72 h at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions, produced as described above. An antibiotic-free control plate was also inoculated in each assay. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration producing no visible colonies (a slight haze of apparent growth was ignored).

Disk diffusion and E test susceptibility methods. Plates containing MHA plus 10% horse blood were inoculated with a swab from the suspension at a 3 to 4 McFarland standard. Then, a metronidazole disk (5-µg; Oxoid) and an E-test strip, which has a built-in gradient from high to low content of metronidazole in semi-log₂ steps (E test; AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden), were placed on the same plate for each strain. All plates were incubated for 72 h at 37°C in a microaerophilic atmosphere. Storage conditions and preuse conditions of metronidazole disks and E-test strips were strictly in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions.

Data and statistical analysis. Possible significant differences between MICs defined by each method ( = 0.05) were assessed by means of a paired t test (2). For the average difference of MICs (), a 95% confidence interval based on the standard error of was also calculated (2). All correlations (for agar dilution MICs with E-test MICs and for inhibition zone diameters with both agar dilution MICs and E-test MICs) were determined by regression analysis. The last two functions obtained were linearized by logarithmic conversion of MICs. Determination coefficients (r²) were calculated for all regression lines. Validation of these linear models was carried out by an F test (28). The confidence intervals ( = 0.05) for the inhibition zone diameters, estimated from each linear function and corresponding to the breakpoints defined, were also calculated (2). In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the three methods, a random sample of 14 strains was tested in three independent assays. The average coefficient of variation (CV) (28) was calculated for each method by using the set of values obtained with the 14 strains (n = 42). For the disk diffusion test, the CV was calculated after translation of inhibition zone diameters into MICs, via the corresponding regression lines, to generate numbers of the same dimension. Confidence intervals ( = 0.05) for the average CV associated with each method were also defined, to evaluate the precision and reproducibility of each diffusion method (E-test strip and metronidazole disks) by comparison with agar dilution, as the latter is considered a reference method (28). An interpretative error rate analysis was performed in order to investigate the occurrence of strain misclassification when disk diffusion breakpoints were applied.

Equivalence between agar dilution and E test and breakpoint definition. We obtained MICs ranging from 0.125 to >32 µg/ml by the E test and ranging from 0.25 to 64 µg/ml by the agar dilution method. The MICs for 11 of the 100 strains were discordant, with discrepancies of more than ±1 log₂ concentration steps (agar dilution, standard error) but not more than ±2 log₂. No significant differences were found between MICs determined by the agar dilution method and the E test (P = 0.84;  = 0.02 ± 0.260). A good correlation was found between these two methods (MIC_{E test} = 1.22 MIC_{agar dilution} + 2.89; r² = 0.73), allowing us to use both quantitative methods as references and to correlate results obtained with them with inhibition zone diameters for the standardization of the disk diffusion test. Based on the distribution of strains among the MICs obtained (Fig. 1) and breakpoint values already described (22, 30), we defined two susceptibility classification schemes: one with a unique breakpoint (8 µg/ml), which separates the strains into two categories (MIC  8 µg/ml [susceptible strains] and MIC > 8 µg/ml [resistant strains]), and the other with two breakpoints (4 and 8 µg/ml) resulting in three interpretative categories (MIC  4 µg/ml [susceptible strains], 4 µg/ml < MIC  8 µg/ml [intermediate strains], and MIC > 8 µg/ml [resistant strains]).

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1.   Distribution of the 100 H. pylori strains among the MICs obtained by agar dilution () and E test ().

Reproducibility and precision of the methods. In the evaluation of methods for susceptibility testing, precision and reproducibility are the most important criteria. Table 1 shows the average MICs obtained in three repeat tests with 14 strains and the corresponding standard errors for E-test and agar dilution methods. The table also shows the inhibition zone diameter ranges obtained for each MIC with disk diffusion method. CV determination showed that the two diffusion techniques are equivalent (CV_disk = 26.5% ± 11.8% and CV_{E test} = 30% ± 11.8%). The agar dilution method, which is considered a reference method, has a similar variation (CV_{agar dilution} = 30% ± 11.8%), confirming the good reproducibility and precision of the other methods tested. Furthermore, it should be noted that the variation associated with the agar dilution technique can be an artifact generated by the large concentration steps of the log₂ scale, especially at the higher doses. Thus, the variation value associated with agar dilution is probably higher than those calculated for the two diffusion tests, reinforcing the reliability and good reproducibility of the latter. These data are in agreement with results for reproducibility and correlation found by others (7, 15, 30). The consistency observed for the three independent repeat tests, made with independent cultures, is evidence of inoculum homogeneity, which is an issue of major importance in antimicrobial susceptibility determination (4).

Regression analysis and correlation between methods. After logarithmic conversion of MICs, regression analysis was applied to our results in order to define linear functions correlating inhibition zone diameters with MICs obtained by the two quantitative methods and correlating the MICs with the inhibition zone diameters. The analytical expressions were log MIC = 0.06  + 1.69 (r² = 0.88), where  is the inhibition zone diameter, for calculation of E-test MICs from inhibition zone diameters and log MIC = 0.05  + 1.64 (r² = 0.81) for calculation of agar dilution MICs from inhibition zone diameters. The reverse equations, for estimation of inhibition zone diameters from E-test MICs (Fig. 2A) and agar dilution MICs (Fig. 2B), were  = 15.31 log MIC + 29.06 (r² = 0.88) and  =  15.98 log MIC + 30.63 (r² = 0.81), respectively. It should be noted that the maximum concentration of metronidazole in the E-test strip is 32 µg/ml. Thus, only 81 strains were retained, as MICs higher than 32 µg/ml were not used in the E-test regression analysis. The linearity of all functions (P < 0.05) was confirmed by an F test. From each reverse regression line (Fig. 2A and B), it was possible to estimate 95% confidence intervals for the inhibition zone diameters corresponding to the breakpoints 4 and 8 µg/ml. From the correlation between disks and the E test we obtained the values 20 ± 0.9 and 15 ± 0.9 mm, whereas from the correlation between disks and agar dilution we obtained the values 21 ± 0.9 and 16 ± 0.9 mm, respectively.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2.   Interpretative error rate analysis for each susceptibility classification scheme, performed by using reverse regressions of inhibition zone diameters with log MIC defined by E test (A) and with log MIC defined by agar dilution method (B). Top and right arrows indicate the ranges for the three-category scheme (susceptible [S], intermediate [I], and resistant [R]). Left and bottom arrows indicate the ranges for the two-category scheme (S and R). Interpretative errors are displayed (, major error; , minor error; and ×, major or minor error when the two-category or three category scheme is applied).

Interpretative error rate analysis. Given our susceptibility classification model, when just one breakpoint is applied (8 µg/ml), allowing the classification of strains into two categories (susceptible and resistant strains), two types of error may occur. A very major error is assumed to be present when the strain is classified as resistant by the reference method and as susceptible by the method tested, and a major error is deemed present when the opposite happens. When the third susceptibility category is defined (classifying strains as intermediate, with breakpoints between 4 and 8 µg/ml), a minor error is considered to be present when strains are (i) classified as intermediate or resistant by the reference method and, respectively, as susceptible or intermediate by the method tested or (ii) classified as intermediate or susceptible by the reference method and, respectively, as resistant or intermediate by the method tested. The results obtained by performing this analysis are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. A higher frequency of interpretative errors for disk diffusion was observed with agar dilution as the reference method than with E test. However, no very major errors were found for disk diffusion when these quantitative methods were each used as reference, pointing to a high consistency of susceptibility classification (as well as MIC determinations) obtained by all methods.

Validation of metronidazole disk diffusion test. In a susceptibility classification scheme, the existence of an intermediate category is particularly important, since it acts as a buffer zone to prevent the misclassification of resistant strains as susceptible and susceptible strains as resistant (very major and major errors) (24). When the scheme with the intermediate class was used, the occurrence of major errors was reduced, emphasizing the advantage of the three-category scheme.