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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 2000, p. 910-913, Vol. 38, No. 2
0095-1137/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Diagnostically and Experimentally Useful Panel of
Strains from the Burkholderia cepacia Complex
Eshwar
Mahenthiralingam,1,*
Tom
Coenye,2
Jacqueline W.
Chung,1
David P.
Speert,1
John R. W.
Govan,3
Peter
Taylor,4 and
Peter
Vandamme2
Departments of Paediatrics and Pathology,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada1; Laboratory of Microbiology,
University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium2;
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh
Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom3; and
St. George Hospital and University of New South Wales,
Kogorah, New South Wales, Australia4
Received 7 May 1999/Returned for modification 26 August
1999/Accepted 1 November 1999
 |
ABSTRACT |
Two new species, Burkholderia multivorans and
Burkholderia vietnamiensis, and three genomovars
(genomovars I, III, and IV) currently constitute the Burkholderia
cepacia complex. A panel of 30 well-characterized strains
representative of each genomovar and new species was assembled to
assist with identification, epidemiological analysis, and virulence
studies on this important group of opportunistic pathogens.
 |
TEXT |
The gram-negative bacterium
Burkholderia cepacia is a problematic pathogen in patients
with cystic fibrosis (CF) (18) or chronic granulomatous
disease (CGD) (28) and in other vulnerable individuals
(31). At least five genomovars constitute isolates which
were previously classified as B. cepacia, and these strains have been collectively designated the B. cepacia complex
(30). Bacteriological identification, epidemiological
tracking, and virulence studies will all benefit from the use of a
defined set of strains representative of each genomovar.
Assembly of a strain panel.
A B. cepacia complex
strain panel consisting of 30 strains representative of all five
currently defined genomovars was assembled (Table
1). Strains were cultured as described
previously (4, 11, 30) and deposited in the Belgium
Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms/Laboratorium
Microbiologie Ghent (BCCM/LMG) (http://www.belspo.be/bccm/) bacterial collection at the
University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
Genomovar analysis and strain typing.
Genomovar testing was
performed by whole-cell protein profile analysis as described
previously (30). In addition, amplified fragment length
polymorphism analysis (4) and sequence analysis of the
recA gene (21) were used to confirm the
classifications obtained by conventional analysis (30).
Genetic typing of each strain was performed by random amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis (19) and by pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE) (25) as described previously. The
presence of the cable pilus subunit gene (cblA)
(26) and B. cepacia epidemic strain marker (BCESM) were determined as described previously (20).
Genetic manipulation.
Susceptibility to trimethoprim and
transformation by electroporation with the broad-host-range vector
pUC29T (32) were carried out as described elsewhere
(1).
B. cepacia genomovar I.
Four strains
representative of this genomovar were included in the panel (Table 1).
Strain ATCC 25416T, isolated from onions, has been
genetically mapped (25) and well characterized
phytopathologically (9). Strain ATCC 17759, also an
environmental isolate, has been studied for its autoinducer production
and potential for interspecies signalling (22). Strain CEP509 was recovered from a patient with CF in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Table 1); isolates with RAPD fingerprints identical to those of strain CEP509 were recovered from three other CF patients attending this treatment center. Strain LMG 17997 was isolated in 1976 from human urine and persisted in the urinary tract of this patient for
10 years with no clinical symptoms of infection (Table 1).
B. multivorans (formerly B. cepacia
genomovar II).
Eight Burkholderia multivorans strains
were included in the panel (Table 1). Strain C5393 was recovered from a
CF patient in Vancouver, Canada, and was not associated with
patient-to-patient spread (19). Strain LMG 13010, the type
strain of B. multivorans, was recovered from a Belgian CF
patient and was also not associated with epidemic spread
(24). Strain C1576 was recovered from a CF patient in
Glasgow, Scotland, and was the index strain in an outbreak among 17 pediatric CF patients attending a treatment center in which five
children died after colonization (33). Strain CF-A1-1 is a
representative of an outbreak among four adult CF patients in Cardiff,
Wales (23). Strain JTC was recovered from a patient with CGD
and has been demonstrated to be resistant to nonoxidative killing by
human neutrophils (28). Strain C1962 caused multiple brain
abscesses in an immunocompetent individual (12). Strain ATCC
17616 is a soil isolate from the United States (29) and has
been well characterized with regard to its metabolism, genetics, and
genome structure (3, 6, 29). B. multivorans 249-2 was derived in the laboratory from ATCC 17616; it has suffered a
genomic deletion resulting in a number of phenotypic alterations, including susceptibility to gentamicin (6), which is not a characteristic trait for strains of the B. cepacia complex
(11).
B. cepacia genomovar III.
Ten genomovar III
strains were included in the panel (Table 1). Four strains from the
major transmissible lineage known as ET12 (14), the
cblA+ strain (26), or RAPD type 2 (19, 20) were included. Strain J2315 was the index strain
from which patient-to-patient spread of this lineage was first reported
in Edinburgh, Scotland (10). This strain also produces a
hemolysin capable of inducing apoptosis and degranulation in human
neutrophils (13). Strain BC7 was recovered from a CF patient
in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and has been studied extensively with
regard to binding to mucins or respiratory epithelial cells and cable
pilus virulence factor (26). Strain K56-2 was also recovered
from a CF patient in Toronto and has proven to be highly amenable to
genetic manipulation, enabling characterization of siderophore
production (5) and genes involved in quorum sensing
(16). Strain C5424 was recovered from a CF patient in
Vancouver (19) and was the isolate from which the BCESM DNA
was cloned and characterized (20). Strain C6433 is a
representative of B. cepacia RAPD type 4 strains which have spread among CF patients in Vancouver (19). Strain C1394 was responsible for an outbreak among CF patients attending a treatment center in Manchester, England (19, 27). Strain PC184 was
recovered from a pediatric CF patient attending a treatment center in
Cleveland, Ohio, and was examined in one of the earliest reports of
transmission of B. cepacia among patients with CF
(17). Genomovar III strain CEP511 was recovered from a CF
patient in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and is also
representative of an epidemic strain which had spread among several
patients (19). Strain J415 was not associated with
patient-to-patient spread (8) and does not contain either
the BCESM or cblA gene (Table 1). This strain was the first
reported case of B. cepacia syndrome in a CF patient in the
United Kingdom; however, it did not transfer to the potentially susceptible CF sibling of the child involved (8). Strain
ATCC 17765 was isolated in 1964 from a urinary tract infection of a child in Bristol, England (29).
B. cepacia genomovar IV.
Four genomovar IV
isolates were included in the panel (Table 1). Strain LMG 14294 was
isolated from sputum of a Belgian CF patient (24). A second
patient from the same center carried an indistinguishable isolate; the
clinical condition of both patients was stable (24).
Genomovar IV strain C7322 was recovered from an adult CF patient
attending a clinic in Vancouver; no other patients at this center were
colonized with the same strain type (19). Strain LMG 14086 was isolated from a respirator in a hospital in the United Kingdom
(4). Strain LMG 18888 is a non-CF isolate involved in an
outbreak in a cardiology ward in Belgium (31).
B. vietnamiensis (formerly B. cepacia
genomovar V).
Four Burkholderia vietnamiensis strains,
three of which were recovered from patients with CF, were included
within the panel (Table 1). B. vietnamiensis PC259 was
recovered from a CF patient attending a treatment center in Seattle,
Washington (15), and subcultures from the same patient have
been shown to invade respiratory epithelial cells in culture
(2). Strain LMG 16232 was recovered from a CF patient in
Sweden. Strain FC441 was recovered from a 9-year-old boy with X-linked
recessive CGD who was treated in Vancouver and survived septicemia with
multiple-organ involvement (Table 1). Finally, B. vietnamiensis LMG 10929 is the type strain for this species
(7) and was recovered from rice rhizosphere in Vietnam.
Genetic heterogeneity.
Analysis by RAPD and PFGE
fingerprinting demonstrated that the strains selected for the panel
were, for the most part, genetically heterogenous, representing 24 different B. cepacia complex strain types (Table 1). Strain
types detected by PFGE (Fig. 1) and RAPD (Fig. 2) correlated exactly, and each
method was able to type strains from all five genomovars. Three groups
of strains were clonal (Table 1): B. multivorans strain ATCC
17616 and its laboratory derivative 249-2, the four ET12 strains
(J2315, BC7, K56-2, and C5424), and three genomovar IV strains (LMG
14294, C7322, and LMG 14086). The remaining 21 strains within the panel
each possessed a unique genetic fingerprint, and each was designated
with an individual strain type (Table 1 and Fig. 1 and 2).

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FIG. 1.
SpeI-generated macrorestriction fragments of
the B. cepacia complex strain panel separated by PFGE.
Digestion and separation of macrorestricted DNA were performed as
described in the text, and restriction fragments were visualized after
staining with ethidium bromide. Molecular size standards were run in
the lanes labelled M, and the sizes of relevant marker bands (in
kilobases) are shown on the left. Strains analyzed (see Table 1) in
each lane are as follows: 1, ATCC 25416T; 2, ATCC 17759; 3, CEP509; 4, LMG 17997; 5, C5393; 6, LMG 13010T; 7, C1576; 8, CP-A1-1; 9, JTC; 10, C1962; 11, ATCC 17616; 12, 249-2; 13, J2315; 14, BC7; 15, K56-2; 16, C5424; 17, C6433; 18, C1394; 19, PC184; 20, CEP511;
21, J415; 22, ATCC 17765; 23, LMG 14294; 24, C7322; 25, LMG 14086; 26, LMG 18888; 27, PC259; 28, LMG 16232; 29, FC441; 30, LMG
10929T.
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FIG. 2.
RAPD fingerprints generated by PCR primer 270 from DNA
extracted from strains of the B. cepacia complex panel. RAPD
analysis of each B. cepacia strain from the panel was
performed exactly as described previously (19). Molecular
size standards were run in the lanes labelled M, and the sizes of
relevant marker bands (in kilobases) are indicated to the left. Strains
analyzed (Table 1) in each lane are as follows: 1, ATCC
25416T; 2, ATCC 17759; 3, CEP509; 4, LMG 17997; 5, C5393;
6, LMG 13010T; 7, C1576; 8, CP-A1-1; 9, JTC; 10, C1962; 11, ATCC 17616; 12, 249-2; 13, J2315; 14, BC7; 15, K56-2; 16, C5424; 17, C6433; 18, C1394; 19, PC184; 20, CEP511; 21, J415; 22, ATCC 17765; 23, LMG 14294; 24, C7322; 25, LMG 18888; 26, LMG 14086; 27, PC259; 28, LMG
16232; 29, FC441; 30, LMG 10929T.
|
|
Strains suitable for genetic manipulation.
Each genomovar
possessed a strain which was readily transformable with plasmid DNA
encoding a trimethoprim resistance marker, indicating that they may be
useful as genetic tools (Table 1). Strain K56-2 (genomovar III) appears
to be a particularly useful strain for genetic analysis. It is
representative of the major epidemic CF clone (10, 14, 19)
and has already proven highly amenable to molecular characterization by
a number of different strategies, including transposon mutagenesis,
site-directed mutagenesis by allelic exchange, and genetic
complementation (16).
In terms of diversity, the panel is representative of the large variety
of clinical infections, environments, and geographic
locations from
which
B. cepacia complex strains may be recovered;
however,
the prevalence of each genomovar in both clinical and
natural settings
remains to be determined by systematic
study.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
This work was funded by grants from the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis
Foundation (E.M. and D.P.S.) and UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust (P.V. and
J.R.W.G., grant RS15; E.M. grant PJ 472). P.V. is indebted to the Fund
for Scientific Research
Flanders (Belgium) for a postdoctoral research
fellowship. T.C. acknowledges the bursary for advanced study from the
Vlaams Instituut voor Bevordering van Wetenschappelijk-technologisch onderzoek in de Industrie (Belgium).
We are grateful to Jocelyn Bischof, Deborah Henry, and Gary Probe for
excellent technical assistance and to the International B. cepacia Working Group (IBCWG) for suggestions on the choice of
strains. We are indebted to the following investigators for contributing strains for inclusion within the strain panel: Jane Burns,
Enevold Falsen, Tom Lessie, John LiPuma, Henry Ryley, Uma Sajjan, and
Pam Sokol.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Present address: Cardiff School
of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 01222 874190. Fax: 44 01222 874305. E-mail: MahenthiralingamE{at}cardiff.ac.uk.
 |
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 2000, p. 910-913, Vol. 38, No. 2
0095-1137/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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