Previous Article | Next Article 
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2000, p. 2412-2415, Vol. 38, No. 6
0095-1137/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Identification of Arthrobacter oxydans,
Arthrobacter luteolus sp. nov., and Arthrobacter
albus sp. nov., Isolated from Human Clinical
Specimens
Georges
Wauters,*
Jacqueline
Charlier,
Michèle
Janssens, and
Michel
Delmée
Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Unit,
University of Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Received 26 October 1999/Returned for modification 31 January
2000/Accepted 14 March 2000
 |
ABSTRACT |
Five Arthrobacter isolates from clinical specimens were
studied by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genetic characterization. Two strains had characteristics consistent with those of
Arthrobacter oxydans. One strain was related to A. citreus; however, DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotypic
characteristics indicated that this strain belongs to a new species,
for which the name Arthrobacter luteolus sp. nov. is
proposed. Two strains were closely related to A. cumminsii
by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, but DNA-DNA hybridization, peptidoglycan
type, and some phenotypic features indicated that they should be
assigned to a new species, for which the name Arthrobacter albus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. luteolus is CF25 (DSM 13067). The type strain of A. albus is CF43 (DSM 13068).
| |
TEXT |
The genus Arthrobacter
includes catalase-positive coryneform bacteria with an oxidative
metabolism, the cell wall of which contains L-lysine as the
diamino acid and cellular fatty acids of the branched type
(6). Arthrobacter strains have only recently been
recognized as opportunistic pathogens belonging to three species,
A. cumminsii, A. woluwensis, and A. creatinolyticus, which hitherto were isolated only from humans
(4, 7). Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genetic
studies, we describe the species identification of five
Arthrobacter isolates. Two of them were assigned to the
species A. oxydans, and the three others were assigned to
two as-yet-undescribed species for which the names Arthrobacter
luteolus sp. nov. and Arthrobacter albus sp. nov. are proposed.
Bacterial strains.
The five strains and the sites from which
they were isolated are as follows: CF25, surgical wound; CF39, blood;
CF43, blood; CF44, urine; and CF46, blood. Additional
Arthrobacter strains were included for comparison in the
study: seven A. cumminsii strains, including two laboratory
isolates and the reference strains DSM 10493T, DSM 10494, CCUG 33745, CCUG 35863, and CCUG 35241, as well as the type strains
A. woluwensis DSM 10495, A. oxydans DSM 20119, and A. citreus DSM 20133. They were inoculated on blood agar
and incubated at 37°C.
Phenotypic characterization.
Most cultural, morphologic, and
biochemical properties were investigated as described previously
(6, 20). Flagellum staining was performed according to the
method of Kodaka et al. (12). Gelatin hydrolysis was
detected as outlined by Pitt and Dey (15). Oxidative acid
production from carbohydrates was detected on phenol red agar slants
with a low peptone content as described for acidification of ethylene
glycol (20). Pyrrolidonyl peptidase, 
-glucosidase, 
-galactosidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase were detected
by diagnostic tablets (Rosco Diagnostica, Taastrup, Denmark).
Susceptibility to desferrioxamine was tested by the method of Lindsay
and Riley (13). API Coryne strips (bioMérieux, Marcy
l'Etoile, France) were inoculated and interpreted according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Carbohydrate assimilations were performed
with the API 50 CH system using AUX medium (bioMérieux).
Results were recorded after 5 days. API ZYM strips (bioMérieux)
were read after 4 h of incubation at 37°C.
Antibiotic susceptibility.
To evaluate antibiotic
susceptibility, MICs were determined using E-test strips (PDM, Solna,
Sweden) on Mueller-Hinton blood agar incubated at 37°C for 24 h.
Penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cephalothin, erythromycin,
ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin were tested, and the results
were interpreted according to the criteria established for
staphylococci in 1997 by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards (14a).
Chemotaxonomic properties.
Cellular fatty acids (CFAs) were
assayed by gas-liquid chromatography using a Delsi chromatograph as
described previously (19). The amino acid composition
of the peptidoglycan was studied by N. Weiss at the German Collection
of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) (Braunschweig,
Germany) by a thin-layer chromatography method as outlined by Schleifer
and Kandler (18).
16S rRNA gene sequence determination.
Determination of the 16S
rRNA gene sequence was performed at the DSMZ by C. Sproër.
Approximately 95% of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strains was
determined by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA.
Genomic DNA extraction, PCR-mediated amplification of the 16S ribosomal
DNA, and purification of the PCR products were carried out as
previously described (16). Purified PCR products were
sequenced using the ABI Prism dye terminator cycle sequencing ready
reaction kit (Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany) according to
the manufacturer's protocol. Sequencing products were electrophoresed
using the Applied Biosystems 373A DNA sequencer. The resulting sequence
data were put into the alignment editor ae2 (14), aligned
manually, and compared with representative 16S rRNA gene sequences of
organisms belonging to the Arthrobacter subgroup of the
gram-positive bacteria (14). For comparison, 16S rRNA
sequences were obtained from the EMBL database or the Ribosomal
Database Project (14). The 16S rRNA gene similarity values
were calculated by pairwise comparison of the sequences within the
alignment. For construction of a phylogenetic dendrogram, operations of
the PHYLIP package (version 3.5.1; J. Felsenstein, Seattle
Department of Genetics, University of Washington) were used: pairwise evolutionary distances were computed from percent similarities by the correction method of Jukes and Cantor
(10), and based on the evolutionary distance values, the
phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method
(17). The root of the tree was determined by including the
16S rRNA gene sequence of Nocardioides simplex in the analysis.
DNA-DNA hybridization.
Hybridization was carried out at the
DSMZ. DNA was isolated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite by the
procedure of Cashion et al. (1). DNA-DNA hybridization was
performed as described by De Ley et al. (2) with the
modification described by Huss et al. (8) and Escara and
Hutton (3), using a Gilford System model 2600 spectrometer
equipped with a Gilford model 2527-R thermoprogrammer and plotter.
Renaturation rates were computed with the TRANSFER.BAS program of
Jahnke (9).
Results and discussion.
The five strains exhibited the general
characteristics of the genus Arthrobacter. They were
gram-positive coryneform bacteria with a nonfermentative
metabolism. The CFAs were mainly of the branched type, with a
predominant amount of anteiso 15:0 (Table 1). L-Lysine was the diamino
acid of the peptidoglycan. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genetic
studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequence determination and DNA-DNA
hybridization allowed us to define three clusters among the five
isolates.
Strains CF39 and CF46 had a peptidoglycan of the A3
type,
L-Lys-
L-Ser-
L-Thr-
L-Ala,
found in
A. oxydans (
11). The 16S rRNA
gene
sequencing performed on CF46 showed a similarity of 99.5%
to the type
strain of
A. oxydans, DSM 20119 (Table
2). DNA-DNA
hybridization of both strains
CF46 and CF39 with DSM 20119
T resulted in homologies of
87.5 and 85%, respectively. CF39 was
92.5% related to CF46.
Furthermore, the biochemical properties
of both strains were
consistent with those described for
A. oxydans (
4), and the API Coryne code was 3750004 (
Arthrobacter spp.).
These findings allow us to assign
strains CF46 and CF39 to the
species
A. oxydans.
The strains were susceptible to all antibiotics
tested.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE 2.
Levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity between
A. oxydans (CF46), A. luteolus sp. nov.
(CV25), A. albus sp. nov. (CF43), and other
Arthrobacter species and related taxa
|
|
Strain CF25 represented the second cluster. It had a cell wall of the
A3
type,
L-Lys-
L-Thr-
L-Ala
2,
which is present in
A. citreus (
11). The
16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the highest
similarity to
A. citreus DSM 20133
T, at a level of 98.7% (Table
2).
However, when DNA-DNA hybridization
was performed, it appeared that
CF25 had a homology of only 44.0%
with the type strain of
A. citreus. Colonies grown on solid media
at 37°C were
slightly yellow. Urease, Simmons citrate, and pyrrolidonyl
peptidase
were negative but gelatin, DNase, and tyrosine hydrolysis
were
positive. Nitrate reduction was positive. There was no fermentation
of
sugars, but glucose was oxidatively acidified, as were sucrose,
maltose, and xylose. The following carbohydrates were used with
the API
50 CH strips: glucose, ribose,
D-xylose,
D-fructose,
D-mannose,
rhamnose, cellobiose,
maltose, sucrose, trehalose, xylitol,
L-fucose,
gluconate, and 5-keto-gluconate. The other substrates of the API
50 CH strips were not utilized. By the API ZYM system, only alkaline
phosphatase, esterase, esterase-lipase, leucine arylamidase, acid
phosphatase, phosphoamidase, and
-glucosidase were detected.
The strain was resistant to desferrioxamine. The API Coryne code
was 3110004, corresponding to
Rhodococcus spp. with a
probability
of 94.1%. The strain was susceptible to all antibiotics
tested
except cephalosporins. Although CF25 is yellow pigmented and has
the same peptidoglycan type as
A. citreus, it is clearly
distinct
from this species on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization,
notwithstanding
a close relationship of the 16S rRNA gene sequences
(Table
2).
Phenotypic characteristics also distinguish CF25 from
A. citreus.
Strain CF25 grows well at 37°C, while
A. citreus does not.
A. citreus does not assimilate any
carbohydrate in the API 50 CH
system, while CF25 utilizes several of
them. Other distinctive
biochemical reactions are listed in Table
3. These findings suggest
that CF25
belongs to a new species within the genus
Arthrobacter,
for which the name
A. luteolus is proposed. It is closely related
to
A. citreus (Fig.
1).
View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 1.
Unrooted tree showing the phylogenetic positions of
A. oxydans (CF46), A. luteolus sp. nov. (CF25),
and A. albus sp. nov. (CF43) within the genus
Arthrobacter and related taxa. The scale bar indicates 10 nucleotide substitutions per 100 nucleotides.
|
|
The third cluster consisted of two strains: CF43 and CF44. Their cell
wall was of the A4
type,
L-Lys-
L-Ala-
L-Glu, similar
to
that of the
A. nicotianae group (
11). 16S rRNA
gene sequencing
of CF43 showed the highest similarity, 99.5%, to
A. cumminsii (Table
2). However, the cell wall of
A. cumminsii is markedly
different (
5). DNA-DNA
hybridization was carried out on strains
CF43 and CF44 and the type
strain of
A. cumminsii, DSM 10493.
CF43 and CF44 displayed a
similarity of 88.1% to each other, suggesting
that the two strains are
members of the same species. The two
strains showed only 54.5 and
58.6% homology, respectively, to
the type strain of
A. cumminsii. The two strains shared many phenotypic
characteristics
with
A. cumminsii. Gram staining showed small
coryneform bacteria. The colonies were white and opaque and reached
1 mm after 48 h of incubation at 37°C, while the colonies
of
A. cumminsii are grayish and less opaque.
Urease, nitrate reduction,
esculin hydrolysis, tyrosine degradation,
and DNase were negative.
Gelatin was delayed and weakly positive by
the gelatin agar method,
but with the API Coryne system, CF43 liquefied
gelatin after 1
day, whereas CF44 remained negative even after 5 days.
There was
no susceptibility to desferrioxamine, unlike with
A. cumminsii.
Pyrrolidonyl peptidase was
positive. No sugar acidification occurred
within 5 days, and none
of the carbohydrates included in the API
50 CH panel were utilized. The
enzymatic profile obtained by API
ZYM strips was similar to that
of
A. cumminsii (
4). The API
Coryne codes were
6102004 (
Brevibacterium spp.) for strain CF43
and 6100004 (
Corynebacterium afermentans or
Corynebacterium
coyleae)
for CF44. The strains were susceptible to the
antibiotics tested.
These findings justify assigning strains CF43 and
CF44 to a new
species within the genus
Arthrobacter,
for which the name
A. albus is proposed. It is
phylogenetically related to
A. cumminsii (Fig.
1).
The small number of strains available for most named species of
Arthrobacter of human origin does not allow establishment
of
a definitive profile of their phenotypic properties, especially
for
those represented by only one strain. Nevertheless, a provisional
scheme of distinctive characteristics has been developed based
on our
clinical isolates and reference strains (Table
3). Although
these
results have to be confirmed in the future, some of the
proposed tests
seem to have a discriminant value. Susceptibility
to
desferrioxamine is specific to
A. cumminsii. A strong
N-acetylglucosaminidase
activity is found only in
A. woluwensis. Tyrosine clearing and
-glucosidase are regularly
observed in the glucolytic species,
and within this group, only
A. luteolus does not acidify mannitol
and is
-galactosidase
negative.
The pathologic significance of
Arthrobacter isolates in
humans has yet to be assessed. In our series, one strain,
A. albus CF43, was clinically relevant, as it was isolated from
several
cultures of blood from a surgery patient with severe phlebitis.
The other strains were isolated from either a superficial body
site,
urine, or one single blood culture bottle, and their role
in the
disease was not proved. Nevertheless, they were not considered
to
be environmental contaminants since, except in blood cultures,
numerous
colonies were present at primary isolation. There is
a need to increase
the number of human isolates belonging to new
Arthrobacter species, to define more accurately their
phenotypic
characteristics. Greater recognition of coryneform bacteria
in
clinical samples may contribute to better understanding of their
role in human
disease.
Description of A. luteolus sp. nov.
Cells of
A. luteolus (lu-te'-o-lus. N.L. adj. meaning yellowish,
because of the yellow-pigmented colonies) are gram-positive coryneform bacteria. No spores are formed. They are motile by peritrichous flagella. Growth is obligately aerobic. Colonies are
slightly yellow, smooth, and ~1.5 mm in diameter after 24 h of incubation at 37°C on blood agar. Catalase is positive. Nitrate is reduced. No urease is detected. Gelatin and tyrosine are hydrolyzed, but not esculin. Simmons citrate agar is alkalinized. There is no
susceptibility to desferrioxamine. Tween esterase is negative, but
DNase is positive. Pyrrolidonyl peptidase is not detected. Acid
is produced oxidatively from glucose, maltose, sucrose, and xylose, but not from mannitol and lactose. Glycerol, ribose,
D-xylose, D-glucose, D-fructose,
D-mannitol, rhamnose, cellobiose, maltose, saccharose,
trehalose, xylitol, L-fucose, and 5-keto-gluconate are
utilized. Erythritol, D-arabinose,
L-arabinose, L-xylose, adonitol,
-methylxyloside, galactose, L-sorbose, dulcitol,
inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, -methyl-D-mannoside,
-methyl-D-glucoside, N-acetylglucosamine, amygdalin, arbutin,
esculin, salicin, lactose, melibiose, inulin, melezitose,
D-raffinose, starch, glycogen, geniobiose,
D-turanose, D-lyxose, D-tagatose,
D-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol,
and 2-keto-gluconate are not utilized. The following enzymatic
activities are detected on API ZYM strips: alkaline and acid
phosphatase, esterase, esterase-lipase, leucine arylamidase, trypsin,
phosphoamidase, and -glucosidase. Not present are lipase, valine
arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase,
N-acetylglucosaminidase, -mannosidase, and
-fucosidase. The major CFA is anteiso C15:0, and the
peptidoglycan type is
L-Lys-L-Thr-L-Ala2.
The type strain, CF25, has been deposited in the DSMZ as strain DSM
13067. It was isolated from an infected surgical wound.
Description of A. albus sp. nov.
Cells of A. albus sp. nov. (al'-bus. L.N. adj. meaning white, because of the
white colonies of the organism) are small coryneform bacteria,
nonmotile and without spore formation. Colonies are white and are 1 mm
in diameter after 48 h of incubation at 37°C on blood agar.
Metabolism is obligately aerobic. Catalase is positive. Urease and
esculin are not hydrolyzed, and nitrates are not reduced. Gelatin is
slowly and weakly liquefied, and there is no DNase activity. Tyrosine
is not hydrolyzed. Simmons citrate is negative. Pyrrolidonyl peptidase
is positive. The organism is resistant to desferrioxamine. No acid is
produced from carbohydrates, and there is no utilization of these
substrates in the API 50 CH system. The following enzymatic activities
are detected: alkaline and acid phosphatase, phosphoamidase, esterase,
esterase-lipase, leucine arylamidase, and trypsin. The following
activities are not present: lipase, valine arylamidase, cystine
arylamidase, chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, -galactosidase,
-glucuronidase, -glucosidase, -glucosidase,
N-acetylglucosaminidase, -mannosidase, and
-fucosidase. The main CFA is anteiso C15:0, and the
peptidoglycan type is
L-Lys-L-Ala-L-Glu. The strains
were isolated from human clinical specimens. The type strain, CF43, has
been deposited in the DSMZ as strain DSM 13068. It was isolated from
human blood.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.
The 16S rRNA gene
sequences of the following strains are deposited in the EMBL Data
Library under the indicated accession numbers: CF25 (DSM
13067T), no. AJ243422; CF43 (DSM 13068T), no.
AJ243421; and CF46 (DSM 13066), no. AJ243423.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of
Louvain, Microbiology Unit, UCL/5490, Av. Hippocrate 54, B-1200
Brussels, Belgium. Phone: 32(0)2 7645490. Fax: 32(0)2 7649440. E-mail:
wauters{at}mblg.ucl.ac.be.
| |
REFERENCES |
| 1.
|
Cashion, P.,
M. A. Holder-Franklin,
J. McCully, and M. Franklin.
1977.
A rapid method for base ratio determination of bacterial DNA.
Anal. Biochem.
81:461-466[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 2.
|
De Ley, J.,
H. Cattoir, and A. Reynaerts.
1970.
The quantitative measurement of DNA hybridization from renaturation rates.
Eur. J. Biochem.
12:133-142[Medline].
|
| 3.
|
Escara, J. F., and J. R. Hutton.
1980.
Thermal stability and renaturation of DNA in dimethylsulphoxide solutions: acceleration of renaturation rate.
Biopolymers
19:1315-1327[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 4.
|
Funke, G.,
R. A. Hutson,
K. A. Bernard,
G. E. Pfyffer,
G. Wauters, and M. D. Collins.
1996.
Isolation of Arthrobacter spp. from clinical specimens and description of Arthrobacter cumminsii sp. nov. and Arthrobacter woluwensis sp. nov.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
34:2356-2363[Abstract].
|
| 5.
|
Funke, G.,
M. Pagano-Niederer,
B. Sjödén, and E. Falsen.
1998.
Characteristics of Arthrobacter cumminsii, the most frequently encountered Arthrobacter species in human clinical specimens.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:1539-1543[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 6.
|
Funke, G.,
A. von Graevenitz,
J. E. Clarridge III, and K. A. Bernard.
1997.
Clinical microbiology of coryneform bacteria.
Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
10:125-159[Abstract].
|
| 7.
|
Hou, X.-G.,
Y. Kawamura,
F. Sultana,
S. Shu,
K. Hirose,
K. Goto, and T. Ezaki.
1998.
Description of Arthrobacter creatinolyticus sp. nov., isolated from human urine.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
48:423-429[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 8.
|
Huss, V. A. R.,
H. Festl, and K. H. Schleifer.
1983.
Studies on the spectrometric determination of DNA hybridization from renaturation rates.
J. Syst. Appl. Microbiol.
4:184-192.
|
| 9.
|
Jahnke, K.-D.
1992.
Basic computer program for evaluation of spectroscopic DNA renaturation data from GILFORD System 2800 spectrometer on a PC/XT/AT type personal computer.
J. Microbiol. Methods
15:61-73.
|
| 10.
|
Jukes, T. H., and C. R. Cantor.
1969.
Evolution of protein molecules, p. 21-132.
In
H. N. Munro (ed.), Mammalian protein metabolism. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
|
| 11.
|
Koch, C.,
P. Schumann, and E. Stackebrandt.
1995.
Reclassification of Micrococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen 1889) to the genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis comb. nov. and emendation of the genus Arthrobacter.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
45:837-839[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 12.
|
Kodaka, H.,
A. Y. Armfield,
G. L. Lombard, and V. R. Dowell, Jr.
1982.
Practical procedure for demonstrating bacterial flagella.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
16:948-952[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 13.
|
Lindsay, J. A., and T. V. Riley.
1991.
Susceptibility to desferrioxamine: a new test for the identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis.
J. Med. Microbiol.
35:45-48[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 14.
|
Maidak, B. L.,
G. J. Olsen,
N. Larsen,
R. Overbeek,
M. J. McCaughey, and C. R. Woese.
1996.
The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP).
Nucleic Acids Res.
24:82-85[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 14a.
|
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
1997.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) interpretive standards (µg/ml) for organisms other than Haemophilus spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus spp. NCCLS document M7-A4.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
|
| 15.
|
Pitt, T. L., and D. Dey.
1970.
A method for the detection of gelatinase production by bacteria.
J. Appl. Bacteriol.
33:687-691[Medline].
|
| 16.
|
Rainey, F. A.,
N. Ward-Rainey,
R. M. Kroppenstedt, and E. Stackebrandt.
1996.
The genus Nocardiopsis represents a phylogenetically coherent taxon and a distinct actinomycete lineage: proposal of Nocardiopsaceae fam. nov.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
46:1088-1092[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 17.
|
Saitou, N., and M. Nei.
1987.
The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.
Mol. Biol. Evol.
4:406-425[Abstract].
|
| 18.
|
Schleifer, K. H., and O. Kandler.
1972.
Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications.
Bacteriol. Rev.
36:407-477[Free Full Text].
|
| 19.
|
Wauters, G.,
A. Driessen,
E. Ageron,
M. Janssens, and P. A. D. Grimont.
1996.
Propionic acid-producing strains previously designated as Corynebacterium xerosis, C. minutissimum, C. striatum, and CDC group I2 and group F2 coryneforms belong to the species Corynebacterium amycolatum.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
46:653-657[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 20.
|
Wauters, G.,
B. Van Bosterhaut,
M. Janssens, and J. Verhaegen.
1998.
Identification of Corynebacterium amycolatum and other nonlipophilic fermentative corynebacteria of human origin.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:1430-1432[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2000, p. 2412-2415, Vol. 38, No. 6
0095-1137/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
This article has been cited by other articles:
-
Mages, I. S., Frodl, R., Bernard, K. A., Funke, G.
(2008). Identities of Arthrobacter spp. and Arthrobacter-Like Bacteria Encountered in Human Clinical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol.
46: 2980-2986
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Huang, Y., Zhao, N., He, L., Wang, L., Liu, Z., You, M., Guan, F.
(2005). Arthrobacter scleromae sp. nov. Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 1451-1455
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Storms, V., Devriese, L. A., Coopman, R., Schumann, P., Vyncke, F., Gillis, M.
(2003). Arthrobacter gandavensis sp. nov., for strains of veterinary origin. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
53: 1881-1884
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Wauters, G., Avesani, V., Laffineur, K., Charlier, J., Janssens, M., Van Bosterhaut, B., Delmee, M.
(2003). Brevibacterium lutescens sp. nov., from human and environmental samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
53: 1321-1325
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Flagan, S., Ching, W.-K., Leadbetter, J. R.
(2003). Arthrobacter Strain VAI-A Utilizes Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Inactivation Products and Stimulates Quorum Signal Biodegradation by Variovorax paradoxus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 909-916
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
Top
Abstract
Text
