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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2000, p. 2557-2562, Vol. 38, No. 7
Department of Microbiology, College of
Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungchongbuk-Do
380-701,1 Department of Microbiology,
Cheju National University College of Medicine, Cheju-Do
690-756,2 Department of Pediatrics,
Pundang CHA General Hospital, Pochun CHA University College of
Medicine, Sungnam, Kyonggi-Do 463-670,3 and
Department of Microbiology and Institute of Endemic
Diseases, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University
College of Medicine, and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul
National University Hospital, Seoul
110-799,4 Korea
Received 8 November 1999/Returned for modification 14 January
2000/Accepted 12 April 2000
We determined the nucleotide sequences (329 bp) of the
rpoB DNAs from 22 reference strains of
Borrelia. No insertions or deletions were observed. Deduced
amino acid sequences of amplified rpoB DNA comprised 109 amino acid residues (N450 to M558
[Escherichia coli numbering]). All amino acid sequences
were identical with the exception of those of Borrelia
lusitaniae PotiB2 (T461 Lyme disease is one of the most
prevalent tick-borne infectious diseases in Europe and North America
(30). Since the first isolation of Borrelia
burgdorferi in 1982, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, a large
number of strains have been isolated and reported in all parts of the
world (2). B. burgdorferi sensu lato is
currently classified into 10 species: B. burgdorferi (19), B. afzelii (12),
B. garinii (4), B. japonica
(20), B. valaisiana (33),
B. lusitaniae (24), B. andersonii (25), B. turdi and
B. tanukii (15), and B. bissettii (29). Although B. burgdorferi
sensu lato is present all over the world, most species have a limited
geographical distribution. Among these species, B. burgdorferi and B. bissettii, which were also
reported in Europe (31), and B. andersonii
are mainly found in the United States (29), while
B. garinii and B. afzelii are found in
Eurasia (28). B. japonica, B. turdi, and B. tanukii are found in Japan (15), and B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae are found in Europe (24, 33). Ixodes
scapularis and I. pacificus ticks are the main vectors
in the United States, and I. ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks are the main vectors in Europe and Asia,
respectively (14).
B. burgdorferi sensu lato has been characterized
conventionally and has been identified by protein analysis with
monoclonal antibodies (7, 12), multilocus enzyme
electrophoresis (3, 10), and plasmid profile analysis
(6). Since the members of the genus Borrelia are
usually fastidious microorganisms, however, these methods are
time-consuming and expensive (28). As recent alternatives,
16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequence analysis (26) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the
5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicons (28) are frequently used.
However, unlike other bacteria, the hypervariable region for
differentiation is inadequate, so 16S rDNA sequence analysis requires
at least 800 nucleotide sequences (24, 33). Also, identification with the species-specific primers that target 16S rDNA
has several problems. PCR with B. garinii-specific
primers amplified the 16S rDNAs of strains of other species
(15). Primers specific for several species could not be
designed (24, 33). Also, various RFLP patterns in one
species emerged, and these patterns were unlike those of the first
report on PCR-RFLP analysis of 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicons
(27, 28, 29). In short, a new identification method that
completes the 16S rDNA sequence analysis and PCR-RFLP analysis of the
5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicons was needed.
Our objective was to develop a new method for the identification of
Borrelia species based on comparative sequence analysis and
PCR-RFLP analysis of the rpoB DNA. rpoB, which
encodes the Bacterial strains and DNA extraction.
Twenty-two reference
strains of the genus Borrelia and two Haenam strains found
in the Haenam area of Korea (strains HN-6 and HN-19), which were
isolated from Ixodes granulatus and Apodemus agrarius (23), respectively, were used in this study
(Table 1). These were cultivated at
32°C in BSKII medium (5). DNA was extracted by
modification of a previously described method (8). Briefly,
a pellet from a 5-ml culture was suspended in 650 µl of TE (10 mM
Tris [pH 8.0], 100 mM EDTA) solution. Ten microliters of RNase (10 mg/ml) and 20 µl of lysozyme (10 mg/ml) were added to the suspension.
After 30 min of incubation at 37°C, sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.5%)
was added, and the suspension was incubated at 65°C for 10 min. The
DNA was extracted four times with equal volumes of phenol and once with
an equal volume of chloroform. The DNA was precipitated by adding 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate and 2 volumes of absolute ethanol, washed
with 70% ethanol, and resuspended in TE (pH 8.0).
0095-1137/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Differentiation of Borrelia burgdorferi
Sensu Lato on the Basis of RNA Polymerase Gene (rpoB)
Sequences
ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
A) and B. bissettii DN127 (I498V). Each species of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was differentiated as a distinct
entity in the phylogenetic tree constructed by a
neighbor-joining method. B. burgdorferi sensu lato
could be distinguished from B. turicatae and B. hermsii, which are associated with relapsing fever. Seventeen
Korean isolates could be identified by PCR-linked direct sequencing and
restriction analysis of the rpoB DNA. These results suggest
that rpoB DNA is useful for identification and
characterization of Borrelia. In addition, we developed the
rapid species identification method using the species-specific
primer sets based on rpoB gene sequences.
INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
subunit of RNA polymerase, is related to the
rifampin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(32). Recently, rpoB DNA was used as an
alternative tool for the identification of mycobacteria (18,
21). The rpoB gene of B. burgdorferi was cloned and characterized (1). In this
study, rpoB DNAs (369 bp) that comprised the sequence of a
highly conserved region (11) were amplified from the 22 reference strains of Borrelia. Their nucleotide sequences
(329 bp) were directly determined and compared. By comparison with reference strains and grouping of the strains into strain-specific clusters with low levels of sequence divergence, Korean isolates were
identified. Also, we developed a rapid identification method using the
primers specific for B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. valaisiana, and B. lusitaniae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
TABLE 1.
Borrelia strains used in this study
Nucleotide sequencing. PCR was performed with a set of primers (primer BF [5'-GATGATATTGACCATTTAGG-3'] and primer BR [5'-TTCAGGGGTTTCAATAGGAC-3']) to amplify rpoB DNA (369 bp). Template DNA (50 ng) and 20 pmol of each primer were added to a PCR mixture tube (AccuPower PCR PreMix; Bioneer, Chungbuk, Korea), which contained 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase, each deoxynucleoside triphosphate at a concentration of 250 µM, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 40 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, and gel loading dye. The volume was adjusted with distilled water to 20 µl. The reaction mixture was subjected to 30 cycles of amplification (30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 59°C, and 45 s at 72°C), followed by a 5-min extension at 72°C (model 9600 thermocycler; Perkin-Elmer Cetus). The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel and were purified with a QIAEX II gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany).
Nucleotide sequences (329 bp) were determined from the purified PCR product (369 bp) with forward and reverse primers by using an Applied Biosystems 373A automatic sequencer and BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Warrington, United Kingdom). For the sequencing reaction, 60 ng of PCR-amplified DNA, 3.2 pmol of either the forward or the reverse primer, and 8 µl of BigDye Terminator RR mixture (part no. 4303153; PE Applied Biosystems) were mixed and adjusted to a final volume of 20 µl by adding distilled water. The reaction was run with 5% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide for 30 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 10 s at 50°C, and 4 min at 60°C. Both strands were sequenced as a cross-check.Sequence analysis. The sequences were aligned with the multiple alignment algorithm in the MegAlign package (Windows version 3.12e; DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). A phylogenetic tree of the Borrelia spp. was constructed by the neighbor-joining method with the MEGA (molecular evolutionary genetics analysis) program (22). A bootstrap analysis (100 repeats) was performed to evaluate the topology of the phylogenetic tree.
Identification of Korean isolates by PCR-linked DNA sequencing and RFLP analysis. PCR-linked DNA sequencing was performed to determine the rpoB DNA sequences of 15 Borrelia strains isolated from ticks or mice in Korea as described above. The sequences determined were compared to those of reference strains. For the PCR-RFLP analysis of rpoB DNA, endonuclease Tsp509-I (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) was used as recommended by the manufacturer to cleave the PCR products. The restriction fragments were electrophoresed on a 3% wide-range-standard (3:1) agarose (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) gel.
PCR for species-specific identification of B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains.
Primer sets specific for
B. burgdorferi, B. garinii,
B. afzelii, B. lusitaniae, and
B. valaisiana were designed on the basis of the
rpoB DNA sequences determined (Table
2). Template DNA (50 ng) and 20 pmol of
each primer were added to a PCR mixture tube (AccuPower PCR PreMix;
Bioneer), and the volume was adjusted with distilled water to 20 µl.
PCR amplification conditions are shown in Table 2.
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Nucleotide sequence accession numbers. The rpoB DNA sequences determined for the Borrelia strains have been deposited in GenBank (accession no. AF164217 to AF164236, AF191588, AF191589, and AF191592). The rpoB sequence of B. burgdorferi B31T (GenBank accession no. L48488), available from GenBank, was used for comparison (Table 1).
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RESULTS |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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rpoB sequences of reference strains.
rpoB
DNAs (369 bp) were successfully amplified from 22 reference strains of
Borrelia. The nucleotide sequences (329 bp) of the amplified
DNAs were determined. No insertions or deletions were observed. The
nucleotide sequences determined were compared for pairwise similarity
(Fig. 1). More than 91.2% similarity was observed among B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains. The
sequence similarity among B. garinii strains was 97.6 to 100%. B. garinii IP89 showed the lowest level of
similarity (97.6 to 98.2%) with the other B. garinii
strains tested. The sequence similarity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato to Borrelia hermsii and
Borrelia turicatae, which are associated with relapsing
fever, was 83.6 to 87.5%.
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Deduced amino acid sequences.
The deduced amino acid sequences
of amplified rpoB DNA comprised 109 amino acid residues
(N450 to M558 [Escherichia coli
numbering]). The amino acid sequences among the Borrelia
species were highly conserved. All amino acid sequences were identical
with the exception of those of B. lusitaniae
PotiB2T (T461A) and B. bissettii DN127T (I498V).
Borrelia is known to be naturally resistant to rifampin, which was possibly explained by the S531N amino acid
change (1). This amino acid change was also observed in all
of the strains of Borrelia.
Phylogenetic tree.
A phylogenetic tree was constructed by the
neighbor-joining method to investigate the relationships among
B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains (Fig.
2). rpoB DNA sequence analysis
could differentiate Borrelia species as well as analysis of
16S rDNA and the flagellin gene could (16, 29).
B. burgdorferi sensu lato could be distinguished from
B. turicatae and B. hermsii, which are
associated with relapsing fever. Two B. burgdorferi
strains (strains B31T and IP2) and four B. afzelii strains (strains IPer3, PKo-85, VS461T, and
M7) formed a cluster separated from the other Borrelia
strains. Also, nine B. garinii strains (strains Sika1,
Sika2, HP13, PD89, IP90, PBi, G2, G25, and IP89) formed a cluster
separated from the other Borrelia strains, while
strain IP89 was deeply branched from the other B. garinii strains. B. valaisiana, B. lusitaniae, B. japonica, B. bissettii, and B. andersonii were branched
independently. Two Haenam strains (strains HN-6 and HN-19) formed a
distinctive cluster that was clearly separated from the other members
of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. B. bissettii DN127T and B. andersonii
21123 were more closely related to B. burgdorferi B31T. Similar results were shown by phylogenetic analysis
of 16S rDNA and the flagellin gene (16, 29).
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Identification of Korean isolates by PCR-linked DNA sequencing and RFLP analysis. Among the 10 species currently classified in the genus Borrelia, B. afzelii and B. garinii were isolated in Korea. In addition, unclassified Haenam strains (strains HN-6 and HN-19) were recently characterized (23). On the basis of the rpoB data for reference strains, 15 strains were analyzed by PCR-linked DNA sequencing and restriction analysis. They were identified as either B. afzelii (six strains identical to B. afzelii VS461), B. garinii (one strain identical to B. garinii IP89), or Haenam strains (seven strains identical to HN-6 and 1 strain with 99.7% similarity to HN-19). By referring to the phylogenetic tree together with the use of the reference strains, we could identify those isolates. The tree was quite similar to that based on the 16S rDNA sequences (23) (data not shown).
PCR-RFLP analysis is a simple and rapid method for the identification of isolated bacterial strains in clinical laboratories. Reference strains of Borrelia could be differentiated by restriction analysis of rpoB DNA with Tsp509-I (Table 3). By use of the most discernible bands Korean isolates could be identified as either B. afzelii (more than three bands; 185, 92, 53, and 39 bp), B. garinii (two bands; 185 and 92 bp) or Haenam strains (single band; 185 or 184 bp) (Fig. 3).
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Species-specific PCR for identification of B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains.
PCR with species-specific
primers sufficiently differentiated the Borrelia species
(Fig. 4). B. garinii-specific primers could amplify only the strains of
B. garinii (Fig. 4A), while primers specific for 16S
rDNA amplified the DNAs of other species (15). Also,
B. burgdorferi- and B. afzelii-specific
primers amplified the rpoB DNA only from the strains
B. burgdorferi and B. afzelii, respectively (data not shown). Previously, PCRs specific for
B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae 16S
rDNAs could not be performed (24, 33), but rpoB
DNAs were specifically amplified from B. valaisiana and
B. lusitaniae (Fig. 4B and C).
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Since the first isolation and description of B. burgdorferi, many strains have been isolated (2, 30) and classified as B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, and B. afzelii. However, since the description of B. japonica as a new species in 1993 (20), B. burgdorferi strains have been reclassified such that several new species were recently described (15, 24, 25, 29, 33).
Characterization and identification of B. burgdorferi sensu lato by conventional methods are time-consuming and expensive (3, 6, 7, 10, 12). Recently, 16S rDNA sequence analysis (26) and PCR-RFLP analysis of 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicons (28) have frequently been used. Analysis of the hypervariable region of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences provides a rapid means of identification and characterization. For example, Treponema identification by 16S rDNA sequence analysis requires only 500 nucleotides (13). Similarly, analysis of the hypervariable region of mycobacteria with species-specific probes provides a rapid means of identification (9), but 16S rDNA sequence analysis of B. burgdorferi sensu lato requires at least 800 nucleotide sequences due to a nonexistent hypervariable region. Also, species-specific PCR was not possible (24, 33). Furthermore, various RFLP patterns in one species emerged, unlike in the first report on PCR-RFLP analysis of 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicons (27, 28, 29).
We used rpoB DNA to differentiate the species of
B. burgdorferi sensu lato. rpoB, which
encodes the subunit of RNA polymerase, was used as an alternative
tool to identify mycobacteria (21). Forty-four reference
strains of mycobacteria were successfully differentiated by comparative
sequence analysis of rpoB DNA. In particular, this analysis
could differentiate Mycobacterium kansasii from M. gastri and could differentiate M. szulgai from M. malmoense, which could not be distinguished by 16S rDNA sequence analysis.
The primers, which were selected from the previously known sequence of B. burgdorferi B31T (1), could successfully amplify rpoB DNAs (369 bp) from 22 reference strains of Borrelia. The primers corresponded to the highly conserved regions (HCR5 and HCR6) on the basis of known rpoB sequences of Bacillus subtilis (11). The sequence similarity of the rpoB DNAs of B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains was more than 91.2%. The intraspecies divergence of the rpoB DNA was narrow, as in mycobacteria (21). For example, two B. burgdorferi strains, B31T and IP2, had identical sequences, and the sequence similarities of the four B. afzelii strains tested (strains IPer3, PKo-85, VS461T, and M7) were 99.4 to 100%. However, the sequence similarities of the B. garinii strains were 97.6 to 100%, possibly indicating the heterogeneity of B. garinii, which was already explained by previous reports (16, 28). It is interesting that B. garinii IP89 showed the lowest level of similarity (97.6 to 98.2%) to other B. garinii strains. Previously, this strain was classified as a group different from B. garinii by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (3). Also, the RFLP pattern of the rrf-rrl intergenic spacer amplicons of this strain were different from those of the other B. garinii strains tested (28). In the phylogenetic tree based on the rpoB sequences, B. garinii IP89 was separate from the other B. garinii strains tested.
In the phylogenetic tree based on the rpoB sequences, B. burgdorferi sensu lato could be distinguished from B. turicatae and B. hermsii, which are associated with relapsing fever. Each species of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was differentiated as a distinct entity. Two Haenam strains (strains HN-6 and HN-19) formed a distinctive cluster, clearly separated from the other members of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. These strains were closer to B. valaisiana VS116, as indicated by 16S rDNA analysis (23). Also, the MseI and DraI restriction patterns of the 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicons of these strains differed from those of the other B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains tested (23). These results showed that the rpoB DNA is useful for the differentiation of the strains or species of B. burgdorferi sensu lato.
The aim of this study was not the phylogenetic analysis of Borrelia with rpoB DNA but the differentiation of Borrelia species that might be encountered in the clinical laboratory. It is difficult to show the phylogenetic relationships of many species because only a small portion of the whole rpoB gene was used in this study. However, as shown from the results, analysis of rpoB DNA (369 bp) could distinguish many of the strains or species of Borrelia, as was the case for 16S rDNA analysis, which, however, required a larger portion (800 bp) of 16S rDNA for the same procedure. Furthermore, signature nucleotides in that rpoB DNA enabled us to design primers which can be used for the rapid and specific identification and differentiation of B. burgdorferi sensu lato by PCR.
Borrelia is naturally resistant to rifampin, which was
possibly explained by an amino acid change (S531N)
(1, 17). In our study these changes were observed in all
strains of Borrelia. Similar findings on natural resistance
to rifampin due to the primary amino acid sequence of the subunit
of RNA polymerase are known in Spiroplasma citri
(S531T) and Mycobacterium celatum (S531N) (1, 17, 21).
In conclusion, rpoB DNA is a very useful marker for the differentiation of the Borrelia species. B. burgdorferi sensu lato could be successfully identified and differentiated by comparative sequence analysis, restriction analysis, and species-specific PCR.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Phone: (82) 2-740-8313. Fax: (82) 2-743-0881. E-mail: yhkook{at}plaza.snu.ac.kr.
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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2000, p. 2557-2562, Vol. 38, No. 7
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