JCM Figure table search 04
Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Daum, L. T.
Right arrow Articles by Lohman, K. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Daum, L. T.
Right arrow Articles by Lohman, K. L.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 2002, p. 3050-3052, Vol. 40, No. 8
0095-1137/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.8.3050-3052.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Real-Time PCR Detection of Salmonella in Suspect Foods from a Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Kerr County, Texas

Luke T. Daum,1* William J. Barnes,1 James C. McAvin,1 Margaret S. Neidert,2 Lynn A. Cooper,1 William B. Huff,1 Linda Gaul,3 W. S. Riggins,3 Sandra Morris,3 Ann Salmen,1 and Kenton L. Lohman1

Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio,1 U.S. Army, Texas Department of Health Fellowship,2 Texas Department of Health, Austin, Texas3

Received 1 March 2002/ Returned for modification 21 April 2002/ Accepted 25 May 2002


   ABSTRACT
Top
 Abstract
Text
 References
 
In June 2001, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among 109 attendees of a church picnic in Kerr County, Texas, was reported. A 5'-nuclease PCR assay was used to screen for Salmonella in nine food items from the buffet line. Barbeque chicken B tested positive for Salmonella, and no amplification was detected in the remaining food items. These PCR findings were consistent with culture results and were confirmed by direct nucleotide sequencing. Salmonella enterica serotype Panama was cultured from both food and patient stool samples.


   TEXT
Top
 Abstract
 Text
References
 
Salmonella, one of the most common causes of food-borne disease outbreaks, is responsible for an estimated 1.4 million annual cases in the United States (data available at http/www.cdc.gov). Based on these statistics, a fluorogenic 5'-nuclease real-time PCR assay for the rapid detection of Salmonella spp. was developed by the U.S. Air Force as a public health measure for military personnel stationed worldwide. The primers and probe amplify and detect a 102-bp fragment of invA, a highly conserved gene present in almost all Salmonella serotypes (1, 3, 4, 9).

A detailed description of the development of this assay is to be reported elsewhere (L. T. Daum et al., unpublished data). In brief, the specificity of this PCR assay was evaluated against 111 culture-grown Salmonella serotypes and cross-tested against a reference panel of 37 related bacterial strains and human genomic DNA. Our assay was shown to detect all 111 Salmonella strains, and no nonspecific amplification was observed in a cross-reaction panel. Sensitivity was determined by real-time PCR amplification of serial 10-fold dilutions of genomic Salmonella DNA. Amplification of target sequences was consistently detected in samples containing less than 100 fg of genomic Salmonella DNA. Recently, a suspected outbreak of salmonellosis in central Texas afforded an opportunity to use this PCR assay to determine the possible presence of Salmonella contamination in various food items from a dinner buffet.

In June 2001, the Air Force Institute for Environmental Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis Epidemiological Surveillance Division at Brooks Air Force Base (AFB) was notified by the Texas Department of Health (TDH) of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among attendees of a buffet-style picnic at a church camp social in Kerr County, Texas. TDH officials conducted a formal investigation into the incident (10). Among the estimated 277 attendees (54% male, 46% female), 109 developed case-defined illness consistent with salmonellosis according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, Ga.) criteria (http/www.cdc.gov). The median incubation period was 16 h (range, 7 to 96 h). The predominant symptoms were diarrhea (95%), fever (90%), nausea (84%), abdominal cramps (83%), and vomiting (61%). Sixty individuals were treated and released by local hospitals, and nine were admitted overnight. A detailed epidemiological analysis of this outbreak has recently been reported by the TDH and is available online (10).

For confirmatory culture analysis at Brooks AFB, food items were homogenized for 1 min in 20 ml of brain heart infusion (Remel Microbiology Products, Lenexa, Kans.). A total of 0.5 ml of hemolysate was inoculated onto blood agar and xylose, lysine, and deoxycholate plates (Remel) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Salmonella-positive cultures were confirmed by biochemical analysis with a Vitek instrument (Vitek Systems, Hazelwood, Mo.). Additional samples were submitted to the TDH Bureau of Laboratories, where they were tested for common enteric bacterial pathogens and enteric viral species.

For PCR, samples were collected from nine food items served from the buffet dinner. Nucleic acids were extracted directly from food samples and subjected to fluorescent real-time PCR using a "ruggedized" automated pathogen identification device (RAPID; Idaho Technologies, Salt Lake City, Utah). For DNA isolation, two protocols were tested, the Puregene DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) and the capture disk DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems). Of the two methods for DNA extraction, a modified version of the capture disk protocol was utilized because it was simple to use and highly reliable with food samples (7). Food items were homogenized in sterile water for 1 min, and then 200 µl of homogenized suspension was transferred into a spin tube containing a capture disk. Following a 10-min incubation period at room temperature, the tube was centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 20 s. A total of 200 µl of DNA purification solution was added to the spin tube, which was then incubated for 1 min at room temperature and centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 20 s. The DNA purification step was repeated two additional times. With a sterile pipette tip, the capture disk was removed from the column and added directly to a PCR capillary tube containing master mix. The PCR master mix consisted of 18 µl of 1x hybridization buffer (LightCycler DNA master hybridization probes; Roche Molecular, Indianapolis, Ind.), 5 mM MgCl2, 500 nM (each) forward and reverse primers, and 100 nM probe. The Salmonella invA probe was labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (reporter dye) and 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (quencher dye). The primers and probe set used in this investigation are characterized in Table 1. DNA from a culture-grown stock of Salmonella enterica was used as a positive control. PCR was performed using the RAPID (Idaho Technologies). The PCR cycling consisted of a 1-min denaturation at 94°C followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 0 s and 60°C for 20 s. The amplification of a 102-bp fragment from the invA gene was detected by monitoring the increase in fluorescence from the dye-labeled Salmonella-specific probe. If the probe was cleaved, the reporter and quencher dyes were released, causing an increase in reporter dye fluorescence. The threshold cycle (CT) is defined as the PCR cycle where a significant increase in fluorescence was first observed (according to the LightCycler owner's manual [Roche Molecular], version 1.2). This value is normalized against background fluorescence.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. Fluorogenic primers and probe used for amplification of a 102-bp region of the invA gene of Salmonella spp.

 
For each of the nine food items tested, two samples, designated A and B, were obtained from different areas of the food container and used directly for PCR. Barbecue chicken B tested positive for Salmonella (CT, 23.54), while no amplification for Salmonella DNA was detected in the remaining samples (Table 2). Another food item, beans, was also served at the buffet dinner. Unfortunately, this food item had been discarded and was not among the samples provided to the U.S Air Force or the TDH. To confirm the presence of Salmonella, a PCR product originating from chicken B was subjected to direct nucleotide sequencing with a PE 377 automated sequencer with the Big Dye chemistry set (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer recommendations. A 64-bp portion of our 102-bp amplicon from chicken B was sequenced and determined to be 100% (64 of 64) homologous to the invA gene of S. enterica.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 2. Food items tested for Salmonella by real-time PCR and culture methods

 
By using traditional culture methods, the TDH isolated S. enterica serotype Panama from chicken B and from corn on the cob (Table 2). Stool cultures collected from 1 employee and 24 dinner attendees were also culture positive for S. enterica serotype Panama. From the food samples analyzed by Brooks AFB, chicken B was the only food item that tested positive by both culture and real-time fluorescent PCR (Table 2).

The TDH conducted a comprehensive outbreak investigation, which included an on-site kitchen inspection, the collection of food samples, and interviews with patients and kitchen staff. The dinner was eaten by a total of 277 people; of these, 237 (86%) were interviewed by phone, and 3-day illness histories were obtained. Of these 237, 109 individuals met case patient criteria. A case patient was one who ate the supper and either exhibited three of the most frequently reported symptoms (i.e., diarrhea, fever, nausea, abdominal cramps, or vomiting) or had a stool culture positive for Salmonella serotype Panama (12). Using the software package EpiInfo (CDC), an epidemiological analysis was performed by generating odds ratio (OR) correlations comparing food items ingested with the incidence of disease. Beans (OR = 27.86) and chicken (OR = 2.20) were the only food items with ORs that were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, indicating these items as the probable culprits in this food-borne outbreak. Only five individuals who reported eating chicken and beans remained asymptomatic.

Although the TDH isolated Salmonella from corn on the cob by culture, the sample submitted to Brooks AFB was negative by both culture and real-time PCR. According to epidemiological analysis, the OR for the corn on the cob was not statistically significant (OR = 1.26). These epidemiological data, along with culture and real-time PCR results from Brooks AFB, suggest the possibility of low-level cross contamination of this food item during preparation, or at the buffet during sample collection. Because raw chicken is often contaminated with Salmonella, it is most likely that uncooked or partially cooked chicken was the original Salmonella source and that the beans and corn on the cob became contaminated by unsanitary cooking practices.

Many studies have used fluorogenic PCR for the rapid detection of Salmonella spp. from culture and directly from food items (2, 5, 6, 8). Currently, the detection of Salmonella by local health agencies is primarily accomplished through traditional culturing techniques that can take up 2 to 6 days to complete and may be too time-consuming in cases where rapid pathogen identification is critical. The fluorogenic TaqMan PCR assay described here confirmed the presence of Salmonella directly from chicken in less than 3 h. Our study, therefore, illustrates the feasibility of using these assays during real-world outbreaks.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
The funding and appointment (Luke T. Daum) for this work were partially supported by the DOD Global Emerging Infectious Response and Surveillance System (DOD-GEIS).

We thank Matthew W. Lantinga, from the CDC, for his technical assistance with EpiInfo.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Molecular Epidemiology Branch, 2601 Louis Bauer Dr., Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX 78235-5237. Phone: (210) 536-1687. Fax: (210) 536-2638. E-mail: Luke.Daum{at}brooks.af.mil. Back


   REFERENCES
Top
 Abstract
 Text
 References
 

  1. Boyd, E. F., F. S. Wang, T. S. Whittam, and R. K. Selander. 1996. Molecular genetic relationships of the salmonellae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:804-808.[Abstract]
  2. Chen, S., A. Yee, M. Griffiths, C. Larkin, C. T. Yamashiro, R. Behari, C. Paszko-Kolva, K. Rahn, and S. A. De Grandis. 1997. The evaluation of a fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Salmonella species in food commodities. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 35:239-250.[CrossRef][Medline]
  3. Galan, J. E., and R. Curtiss III. 1991. Distribution of the invA, -B, -C, and -D genes of Salmonella typhimurium among other Salmonella serovars: invA mutants of Salmonella typhi are deficient for entry into mammalian cells. Infect. Immun. 59:2901-2908.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Galan, J. E., C. Ginocchio, and P. Costeas. 1992. Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella invasion gene invA: homology of invA to members of a new protein family. J. Bacteriol. 174:4338-4349.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Hoorfar, J., P. Ahrens, and P. Radstrom. 2000. Automated 5' nuclease PCR assay for identification of Salmonella enterica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3429-3434.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Kimura, B., S. Kawasaki, T. Fujil, J. Kusunoki, T. Itoh, and S. J. A. Flood. 1999. Evaluation of TaqMan PCR assay for detection of Salmonella in raw meat and shrimp. J. Food Prot. 62:329-335.[Medline]
  7. McAvin, J. C., P. A. Riley, R. M. Roudabush, W. J. Barnes, A. Salmen, G. W. Jackson, K. K. Beninga, A. Astorga, F. K. McClesky, W. B. Huff, D. Neimeyer, and K. L. Lohman. 2001. A sensitive and specific method for rapid identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae using real time fluorescence PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:3446-3451.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Nogva, H. K., and D. Lillehaug. 1999. Detection and quantification of salmonella in pure cultures using 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 51:191-196.[CrossRef][Medline]
  9. Rahn, K., S. A. De Grandis, R. C. Clarke, S. A. McEwen, J. E. Galan, G. Ginocchio, R. Curtiss, and C. L. Gyles. 1992. Amplification of an invA gene sequence of Salmonella typhimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a specific method of detection of Salmonella. Mol. Cell. Probes 6:271-279.[CrossRef][Medline]
  10. Stevenson, G., and L. Gaul. 2002. Salmonella Panama outbreak at a central Texas picnic in June 2001. Disease Prevention News 62. [Online.] www.tdh.state.tx.us/phpep/.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 2002, p. 3050-3052, Vol. 40, No. 8
0095-1137/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.8.3050-3052.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:


This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Daum, L. T.
Right arrow Articles by Lohman, K. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Daum, L. T.
Right arrow Articles by Lohman, K. L.

Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. ALL ASM JOURNALS