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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2004, p. 2707-2710, Vol. 42, No. 6
0095-1137/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.6.2707-2710.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia Infection

Jody L. Gookin,^1* Martha E. Stebbins,² Emily Hunt,³ Karen Burlone,³ Merritt Fulton,³ Robin Hochel,³ Miriam Talaat,³ Matthew Poore,² and Michael G. Levy²

Departments of Molecular Biomedical Sciences,¹ Population Health and Pathobiology,² Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606³

Received 26 June 2003/ Returned for modification 16 February 2004/ Accepted 24 February 2004

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Data were gathered for 117 cats from 89 catteries at an international cat show to examine prevalence and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. Prevalence of T. foetus was 31% among cats (36 out of 117) and catteries (28 out of 89) based on results of fecal smear examination (5 out of 36), fecal culture in modified Diamond's medium (9 out of 36), fecal culture in In Pouch TF medium (20 out of 36), or PCR amplification of the ribosomal RNA gene from feces with T. foetus-specific primers (34 out of 36). Catteries in which T. foetus was identified were more likely to have had a recent history of diarrhea, historical diagnosis of coccidia infection in adult cats, and a decreased number of square feet of facility per cat. Evidence did not exist for the ongoing transmission of T. foetus by water, food, or contact with other species.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Tritrichomonas foetus was recently identified as a cause of large-bowel diarrhea in domestic cats (6, 7, 10, 15, 16). Based on morphology and sequence identity of rRNA, feline T. foetus is indistinguishable from bovine venereal T. foetus and porcine enteric Tritrichomonas suis (1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 13, 14, 18). The origin of T. foetus and the prevalence of infected cats are unknown. We thus performed an epidemiological study of feline T. foetus infection. The specific aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of T. foetus infection within a geographically widespread group of suspected at-risk cats, to identify environmental risk factors for feline infection by T. foetus, and to determine the relative efficacy of direct fecal smear examination, fecal protozoal culture, and single-tube nested PCR for the diagnosis of T. foetus infection in naturally infected cats. Because of our clinical impression that T. foetus is often misidentified as Giardia and as a test of the ability of this study to disclose true risk factors for T. foetus infection if present, all cats were additionally tested for Giardia infection.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Survey distributions, fecal collection, and processing were performed at an international cat show in 2001. Catteries for which there was a completed survey and a freshly voided fecal sample from 1 cat present at the show were included. For each fecal sample, a single 0.9% saline smear was immediately prepared and viewed at x400 magnification for motile trichomonads and Giardia trophozoites. A portion (0.1 g) of feces was inoculated into In Pouch TF medium (Biomed Diagnostics; San Jose, Calif.) for the cultivation of T. foetus as described previously (4), and a portion (0.1 g) of the feces was suspended in 10 ml of sterile phosphate-buffered 0.9% saline and shipped overnight to the authors' laboratory for cultivation in modified Diamond's medium (Remel, Lenexa, Kans.) as described previously (4). Feces (2 g) were frozen, shipped same-day on dry ice to the authors' laboratory, and stored at –20°C. Feces were examined for the presence of Giardia-specific antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to manufacturer instructions (ProSpecT Giardia microplate assay; Alexon-Trend, Ramsey, Minn.), and DNA was extracted from 200-mg samples of feces and tested by means of PCR amplification of partial ITS1 and 5.8S ribosomal DNA by using T. foetus-specific primers as previously described (5).

Statistical analyses were performed with Analyze-It software (version 1.63; Analyze-It Software, Ltd., Leeds, England).

Fisher's exact test was used for the analysis of categorical data, and a chi-square test was used for variables with more than two responses. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (using Woolf's approximation) were calculated where appropriate. All other variables were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test. A calculated P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
A voided fecal sample and completed survey were obtained for 117 cats from 89 catteries. This represented 12% of the total number of cats and 16% of the catteries present at the show. The sampled population of cats included 52 intact males, 41 intact females, 14 neutered males, and 4 spayed females. There were 66 adult cats (>6 months of age) and 45 kittens (6 months of age). The sexes and ages of the remaining six cats were not reported. Surveyed catteries contained a median number of 16 cats (range, 1 to 59), including a median of 10 adults (range, 8 to 12) and 6 kittens (range, 5 to 8).

The prevalence of T. foetus infection was 31% among the cats (36 out of 117) and catteries (28 out of 89) included in the study. Diagnosis of T. foetus infection was made on the basis of results of direct smear examination of feces (5 out of 36), culture of feces in modified Diamond's medium (9 out of 36), culture of feces with In Pouch TF (20 out of 36), or demonstration of T. foetus ribosomal DNA in feces by PCR (34 out of 36). The prevalence of Giardia sp. infection was 31% (36 out of 117) among the individual cats and 35% (31 out of 89) among the catteries tested. Diagnosis of Giardia sp. infection was made on the basis of results of fecal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia-specific antigen (36 out 36). Giardia sp. trophozoites were not seen by direct smear examination of feces from any cat. Prior reports on the prevalence of Giardia have ranged from 2.4 to 60% depending on the source of cats, means of testing, and geographic location (9, 12, 17). Coinfection with T. foetus and Giardia sp. was diagnosed in 12% (14 out of 117) of cats and 16% (14 out of 89) of catteries. An association between T. foetus and Giardia sp. infection was not significant (P = 0.075).

Although clinical impressions have suggested that T. foetus is an infection of young cats (7), there were no differences in age or sex between uninfected cats and cats having T. foetus or Giardia sp. infection. The distribution of breeds and location of catteries infected with T. foetus or Giardia sp. were not different than the types of breeds and cattery locations present in the sample or overall show population. Risk factors significantly associated with either T. foetus or Giardia infection are shown in Table 1. Seventy percent (62 out of 88) of cattery owners reported having cats with diarrhea within the past 6 months. Affected catteries contained a median of two adult cats (range, 1 to 20) and a median of four kittens (range, 1 to 24) from two litters (range, 1 to 6) with diarrhea. There was a strong association between T. foetus infection and a history of diarrhea in the connected cattery. This finding supports the clinical significance of T. foetus infection as an associated cause of diarrhea in domestic cats. A history of diarrhea in kittens versus adults did not discriminate between catteries with and without T. foetus-infected cats. In contrast, catteries in which Giardia-infected cats were identified were significantly more likely to have had a history of diarrhea within the past 6 months involving adult cats. Notably, not a single cattery owner participating in the study was aware of T. foetus infection within their cattery. The survey results also provided no direct evidence that T. foetus organisms were historically misidentified as Giardia sp. In contrast, historical diagnosis of adult cats with coccidia infection was commonly reported by owners of catteries containing cats with T. foetus. This association is intriguing, insofar as coccidiosis is uncommon in adult cats. Because of their dissimilar appearance, it is unlikely that T. foetus was misidentified as coccidia in these cats. Another consideration for the failure to recognize the presence of T. foetus infection is whether veterinary care was sought for the majority of catteries where diarrhea was reported. A recent (<6 month) history of diarrhea was highly prevalent (70%) among the catteries. In particular, T. foetus-associated diarrhea waxes and wanes, is semiformed to a soft, unformed consistency rather than liquid, and is unassociated with signs of systemic illness (7). Although we did not score the fecal samples submitted by participants in the study, the consistency of the samples appeared to vary widely and may underscore a range of fecal consistencies considered normal or tolerable by cattery owners.

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TABLE 1. Responses of cattery owners to survey questions relating to risk factors for T. foetus or Giardia infectiona

With regard to housing facilities and management practices, catteries with Giardia-infected cats housed larger numbers of cats than noninfected catteries. High housing density (low number of square feet of facility area per cat) was identified as a likely risk factor for both T. foetus and Giardia sp. infections and may account for the similar prevalences of the two infections in the cats reported here. Numerous risk factors were identified for the presence of Giardia and not for T. foetus infection. These risk factors are likely to reflect key differences in the life cycle between the two organisms. While both organisms are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, Giardia forms highly resistant, environmentally stable cysts, while T. foetus is incapable of prolonged survival outside the host. Thus, the potential for environmental contamination and exposure to cysts was identified as an important risk factor for Giardia infection but not for T. foetus infection. For example, the presence of nonfeline species in the cattery and their physical contact with cattery cats were significant risk factors for Giardia sp. infection. Access to the outdoors was not a significant risk factor for either infection, although only two cattery owners actually allowed cats free range while outdoors. However, cattery owners allowing contact between cats and other species that were permitted indoor-outdoor access were at increased risk for having cats with Giardia sp. infection. Among cattery owners having cats diagnosed with Giardia sp., all but one reported use of municipal or well water. There was no apparent association between litter box management or type of litter used and the presence of either infection within the cattery.

With regard to T. foetus, we found no association between infection and any environmental variable aside from dense population housing. The proximity of the cattery to within 0.5 miles of agricultural species, type of diet fed to cattery cats (commercial or home cooked), and source of water were not associated with risk of infection. More than 40% of cattery owners also fed their cats table scraps, raw meat, catnip, or other supplements, none of which were significant risk factors.

Cattery owners traveled a median of 24 times per year for the purpose of showing their cats, and such travel was not statistically significantly associated with a risk of either infection. According to cattery owners, diseases of the ocular and respiratory systems, diarrhea, and skin disorders were relatively common in cats following the attendance of a cat show. When considered alone or collectively, these acquired illnesses were not statistically significantly associated with the presence of either infection. Cattery owners reported acquiring cats from 16 different countries. Acquisition of cats from outside the United States was not associated with an increased risk for either infection. Thus, the present study provides no direct evidence for recent or ongoing acquisition of T. foetus from other species (particularly cattle or swine), dietary sources (including ingestion of raw meat or toilet water), or exposure to international or domestic travel. However, these sources cannot be ruled out as the origin of T. foetus infection for the feline population at some time in the past. Assessment of the relatedness of feline T. foetus to bovine and porcine isolates may provide some insight into the potential origin of the feline organisms.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates a high prevalence of T. foetus infection in purebred domestic show cats and a strong association between infection and the presence of diarrhea within the connected cattery. Based on a comparison of diagnostic methods, we concluded a relative efficacy for the detection of T. foetus organisms to be as follows: direct fecal smear examination < fecal culture < single-tube nested PCR. These results suggest that T. foetus is likely to be greatly underdiagnosed if fecal smears are the only means used for diagnosis. There is currently no effective antimicrobial treatment for T. foetus infection. Thus, it may be that the clearest and perhaps most preventable risk factor for T. foetus infection was a high density of cats housed within a facility.

 
This work was supported by a grant from Fort Dodge Animal Health. J.L.G. is supported by a career training award from the National Institutes of Health (DK 02868).

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606. Phone: (919) 513-6295. Fax: (919) 513-6465. E-mail: Jody_Gookin{at}ncsu.edu.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 

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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, June 2004, p. 2707-2710, Vol. 42, No. 6
0095-1137/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.6.2707-2710.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Gunn-Moore, D., Tennant, B. (2007). Tritrichomonas foetus diarrhoea in cats. Vet Rec. 160: 850-851 [Full Text]  
• Yaeger, M. J., Gookin, J. L. (2005). Histologic Features Associated with Tritrichomonas foetus-induced Colitis in Domestic Cats. Vet Pathol 42: 797-804 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gookin, J. L. Articles by Levy, M. G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gookin, J. L. Articles by Levy, M. G.