This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Church, D. L.
Right arrow Articles by Pitout, J. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Church, D. L.
Right arrow Articles by Pitout, J. D.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 2007, p. 3098-3100, Vol. 45, No. 9
0095-1137/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.00426-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluation of BBL CHROMagar O157 versus Sorbitol-MacConkey Medium for Routine Detection of Escherichia coli O157 in a Centralized Regional Clinical Microbiology Laboratory{triangledown}

D. L. Church,1,2* D. Emshey,1 H. Semeniuk,1 T. Lloyd,1 and J. D. Pitout1,2

Calgary Laboratory Services (CLS),1 Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada2

Received 23 February 2007/ Returned for modification 16 April 2007/ Accepted 10 July 2007


arrow
ABSTRACT
 
The performance of BBL CHROMagar O157 (CHROM) versus that of sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) media for detection of Escherichia coli O157 was determined for a 3-month period. Results for 27/3,116 (0.9%) stool cultures were positive. CHROM had a higher sensitivity (96.30%) and negative predictive value (100%) and a better diagnostic efficiency than SMAC. Labor and material costs decreased when CHROM was used.


arrow
TEXT
 
Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains are the most prevalent group of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) worldwide (4, 11, 13, 23, 25). This serotype causes a broad range of conditions, from mild, nonbloody diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and death (3, 12, 16, 21, 23, 25). Transmission frequently occurs through ingestion of raw or undercooked beef, but other contaminated foods and water have also been implicated, and person-to-person transmission also occurs (1, 4, 7, 16, 19-21, 24, 25, 26).

Our centralized regional clinical microbiology laboratory routinely tests all stool cultures for E. coli O157, using its inability to ferment sorbitol on sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) agar (PML Microbiologics), a medium where sorbitol is substituted for the lactose in the standard MacConkey formulation (11, 14, 22). However, E. coli O157 infections may be missed on SMAC because some strains ferment sorbitol and cannot be differentiated from normal intestinal flora (2, 11). Chromogenic agar was recently marketed for improved detection of E. coli O157. Colonies of E. coli O157:H7 growing on BBL CHROMagar O157 (CHROM) (Becton Dickinson) produce a mauve color due to chromogenic substrates in the medium, thus allowing presumptive identification from the primary isolation plate and differentiation from other organisms (5). This study compared the performance and diagnostic efficacy of these two types of selective and differential solid media for the routine detection of E. coli O157 during the summer months when infections are most prevalent in our region.

Calgary Laboratory Services (CLS) is a large integrated medical laboratory company that provides clinical services to the Calgary Health Region (CHR), one of the largest integrated healthcare regions in Canada (population, 1.2 million). Clinical microbiology services for hospitalized and ambulatory patients are delivered 24 h a day, 7 days a week, through a centralized laboratory located in the community (9). The CHR has a high prevalence of infection with enteric bacteria, including E. coli O157 (population-based prevalence of 9:100,000), because southern Alberta is a major agricultural area (15, 16). Children have the highest prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 infection in our region (7, 15, 16).

From 15 June to 5 September 2006, stool specimens for culture were collected into a sterile screw-cap container, transported to CLS, and inoculated onto SMAC and CHROM agars within 4 to 6 h after collection. Plates were incubated aerobically for 18 to 24 h at 35°C and read by independent technologists. On average, 10 colorless NSF colonies were picked off the SMAC plate, and all mauve colonies were picked off the CHROM plate. Colonies confirmed with either medium to be E. coli by standard biochemical reactions and positive for O157 by latex particle agglutination (Oxoid) were identified as E. coli O157. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed but not routinely reported according to CSLI guidelines (10). The numbers of colony picks, indole reactions, and O157 serotyping tests for SMAC versus those for CHROM plates were recorded. Economic comparisons for each medium included labor costs based on the current salary scale for medical laboratory technologists (MLTs), and material costs (for media and regents) included applicable taxes. Data were entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2003 (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, WA) and analyzed using standard statistical methods.

Results for 27/3,116 (0.9%) stool cultures from 27 patients were positive for E. coli O157. All strains of E. coli O157 grew abundantly and were easily distinguished on CHROM as typical mauve colonies. Table 1 shows the performance data for CHROM versus those for SMAC. CHROM missed one E. coli O157 infection, but four were missed by SMAC. CHROM missed a repeat culture detected by SMAC from a previously positive patient on both media. No false-positive cultures occurred on either medium. CHROM had a higher sensitivity (96.30%) and negative predictive value (100%) than SMAC but a specificity (100%) and positive predictive value (100%) similar to those for SMAC.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		TABLE 1. Performance of CHROM compared to that of SMAC mediaa

Nine hundred stool cultures required further analysis. The diagnostic efficiency of CHROM was much better than that of SMAC, with a 75% decrease in the number of colony picks (i.e., less false-positive growth on CHROM and better differentiation of O157 due to the mauve indicator), a 52% decrease in indole reactions, and a 43% decrease in O157 serotyping tests. Totals of 771 non-sorbitol-fermenting versus 196 mauve colony picks, 358 versus 185 indole reactions, and 273 versus 156 O157 serotyping tests were done from SMAC versus CHROM, respectively. Overall, the false-positive rate for colony picks for SMAC (65%) was substantially higher than that for CHROM (20%).

Table 2 lists the component costs of performing stool cultures for E. coli O157 detection using either medium. Labor costs for CHROM decreased by 21% (equivalent to saving 0.2 full-time equivalents [FTE]) during the study, while material costs decreased 64% because fewer biochemical tests were done (i.e., indole reactions and serotyping tests), even though chromogenic medium is more expensive. Implementation of CHROM is projected to decrease annual material costs in our regional microbiology operation by ~$11,000 and save the equivalent of 1.0 FTE in MLT labor (~$65,000).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		TABLE 2. Comparison of CLS study costs for using SMAC versus costs for CHROM for stool culturesa

This study is the first clinical evaluation of CHROM for the routine detection of E. coli O157. The improved diagnostic performance and efficiency of CHROM would allow more appropriate management of E. coli O157 cases and outbreaks (18, 25). Limited clinical studies have evaluated other types of chromogenic media for detection of enteric pathogens, including Salmonella and E. coli O157 (6, 8, 17). Another chromogenic O157 medium (O157 H7 ID-F; bioMèrieux SA, Marcy-l'Etiole, France) recently showed suitable performance for isolation of E. coli O157 and other STEC strains (6). The ability of CHROM to detect non-O157 STEC strains was not evaluated, since these serotypes are not routinely tested for in our region.

CHROM improved diagnostic efficiency by dramatically reducing the number of false-positive colony picks by MLTs, thus reducing the numbers of unnecessary biochemical and O157 serotyping tests performed. Use of CHROM would therefore be cost-effective in our laboratory even though this medium is more expensive than SMAC. The significant projected annual resource savings (~$76,000) could be utilized to perform other laboratory procedures. Proportional savings based on annual stool culture test volume would occur in other laboratory settings with high prevalences of E. coli O157. Although the annual savings were extrapolated from implementation of CHROM during the main season for E. coli O157:H7 incidence, this extrapolation would result in only a minor overestimation of total savings since stool test volumes remained constant throughout the year. Further studies should confirm these findings in a larger number of cases and determine the performance of CHROM for diagnosis of non-O157 STEC infections.


arrow
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This study was funded by a grant from BD Diagnostic Systems (study no. 06C3-008-CHROM-CLS) (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD). CLS Finance reviewed costing.


arrow
FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, 9-3535 Research Rd. N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4B8, Canada. Phone: (403) 770-3281. Fax: (403) 770-3347. E-mail: Deirdre.church{at}cls.ab.ca Back

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 18 July 2007. Back


arrow
REFERENCES
 
    1
  1. Ackers, M. L., B. E. Mahon, E. Leahy, B. Goode, T. Damrow, P. S. Hayes, W. F. Bibb, D. H. Rice, T. J. Barett, L. Hutwager, P. M. Griffin, and L. Slutsker. 1998. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with leaf lettuce consumption. J. Infect. Dis. 177:1588-1593.[Medline]
    2. 2
  2. Ammon, A., L. R. Petersen, and H. Karch. 1999. A large outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by an unusual sorbitol-fermenting strain of Escherichia coli O157:H–. J. Infect. Dis. 179:1274-1277.[CrossRef][Medline]
    3. 3
  3. Arduino, M. J. 2000. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nephrol. News Issues 14:11.[Medline]
    4. 4
  4. Banatvala, N., P. M. Griffin, K. D. Greene, T. J. Barrett, W. F. Bibb, J. H. Green, and J. G. Wells. 2001. The United States National Prospective Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic findings. J. Infect. Dis. 183:1063-1070.[CrossRef][Medline]
    5. 5
  5. Becton Dickinson. 2005. BBL CHROMagar O157. http://www.bd.com/ds/productCenter/.
    6. 6
  6. Bettelheim, K. A. 2005. Reliability of O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) for the detection and isolation of verocytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli belonging to serogroup O157. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:408-410.[CrossRef][Medline]
    7. 7
  7. Bryant, H. E., M. A. Athar, and C. H. Pai. 1989. Risk factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in an urban community. J. Infect. Dis. 160:858-864.[Medline]
    8. 8
  8. Cassar, R., and P. Cuschieri. 2003. Comparison of Salmonella chromogenic medium with DCLS agar for isolation of Salmonella species from stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:3229-3232.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    9. 9
  9. Church, D. L., and P. Hall. 1999. Centralization of a regional clinical microbiology service: the Calgary experience. Can. J. Infect. Dis. 10:393-402.
    10. 10
  10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. M100-S16[26]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
    11. 11
  11. Eklund, M., M. Bielaszewska, U. M. Nakari, H. Karch, and A. Siitonen. 2006. Molecular and phenotypic profiling of sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H– human isolates from Finland. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12:634-641.[CrossRef][Medline]
    12. 12
  12. Griffin, P. M., S. M. Ostroff, R. V. Tauxe, K. D. Greene, J. G. Wells, J. H. Lewis, and P. A. Blake. 1988. Illnesses associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. A broad clinical spectrum. Ann. Intern. Med. 109:705-712.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    13. 13
  13. Griffin, P. M., and R. V. Tauxe. 1991. The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Epidemiol. Rev. 13:60-98.[Medline]
    14. 14
  14. Kleanthous, H., N. K. Fry, H. R. Smith, R. J. Gross, and B. Rowe. 1988. The use of sorbitol-MacConkey agar in conjunction with a specific antiserum for the detection of Vero cytotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli O 157. Epidemiol. Infect. 101:327-335.[Medline]
    15. 15
  15. Notifiable Diseases Section. 2006. Notifiable diseases by province for January to June 2006 (preliminary)—update. Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
    16. 16
  16. Pai, C. H., N. Ahmed, H. Lior, W. M. Johnson, H. V. Sims, and D. E. Woods. 1988. Epidemiology of sporadic diarrhea due to verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli: a two-year prospective study. J. Infect. Dis. 57:1054-1057.
    17. 17
  17. Perez, J. M., P. Cavalli, C. Roure, R. Renac, Y. Gille, and A. M. Freydiere. 2003. Comparison of four chromogenic media and Hektoen agar for detection and presumptive identification of Salmonella strains in human stools. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:1130-1134.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    18. 18
  18. Phillips, B., K. Tyerman, and S. M. Whiteley. 2005. Use of antibiotics in suspected haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Br. Med. J. 330:409-410.[Free Full Text]
    19. 19
  19. Rangel, J. M., P. H. Sparling, C. Crowe, P. M. Griffin, and D. L. Swerdlow. 2005. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982-2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:603-609.[Medline]
    20. 20
  20. Rowe, P. C., E. Orrbine, H. Lior, G. A. Wells, and P. N. McLaine. 1993. Diarrhoea in close contacts as a risk factor for childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The CPKDRC co-investigators. Epidemiol. Infect. 110:9-16.[Medline]
    21. 21
  21. Rowe, P. C., E. Orrbine, G. A. Wells, P. N. McLaine, et al. 1991. Epidemiology of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Canadian children from 1986 to 1988. J. Pediatr. 119:218-224.[CrossRef][Medline]
    22. 22
  22. Stapp, J. R., S. Jelacic, Y. L. Yea, E. J. Klein, M. Fischer, and C. R. Clausen. 2000. Comparison of Escherichia coli O157:H7 antigen detection in stool and broth cultures to that in sorbitol-MacConkey agar stool cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3404-3406.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    23. 23
  23. Su, C., and L. J. Brandt. 1995. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in humans. Ann. Intern. Med. 123:698-714.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    24. 24
  24. Swerdlow, D. L., B. A. Woodruff, R. C. Brady, P. M. Griffin, S. Tippen, H. D. Donnell, Jr., E. Geldreich, B. J. Payne, A. Meyer, Jr., and J. G. Wells. 1992. A waterborne outbreak in Missouri of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhea and death. Ann. Intern. Med. 117:812-819.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    25. 25
  25. Tarr, P. I., C. A. Gordon, and W. L. Chandler. 2005. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 365:1073-1086.[Medline]
    26. 26
  26. Voetsch, A. C., M. H. Kennedy, W. E. Keene, K. E. Smith, T. Rabatsky- Ehr, S. Zansky, S. M. Thomas, J. Mohle-Boetani, P. H. Sparling, M. B. McGavern, and P. S. Mead. 2006. Risk factors for sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in FoodNet sites, 1999-2000. Epidemiol. Infect. 6:1-8.[Medline]

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 2007, p. 3098-3100, Vol. 45, No. 9
0095-1137/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.00426-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Gilmour, M. W., Chui, L., Chiu, T., Tracz, D. M., Hagedorn, K., Tschetter, L., Tabor, H., Ng, L. K., Louie, M. (2009). Isolation and detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in clinical stool samples using conventional and molecular methods. J Med Microbiol 58: 905-911 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Church, D. L.
Right arrow Articles by Pitout, J. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Church, D. L.
Right arrow Articles by Pitout, J. D.

Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»