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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 2008, p. 3134-3135, Vol. 46, No. 9
0095-1137/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.00841-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Viability of Trichomonas vaginalis in Copan Universal Transport Medium and eSwab Transport Medium

C. A. Rivers and J. R. Schwebke^*

Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

Received 2 May 2008/ Returned for modification 19 June 2008/ Accepted 1 July 2008

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We compared the use of universal transport medium and eSwab transport medium held at room temperature or 37°C to bedside inoculation and immediate incubation of culture media for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. There were no significant culturable differences in the sensitivity of either of the transport media to that of bedside inoculation.

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The prevalence of trichomoniasis, a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, has been estimated from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to be approximately 3.1% in the United States among women of reproductive age and as high as 13.3% in African Americans (4). Furthermore, trichomoniasis is a risk factor for preterm birth and a marker of high-risk sexual behavior and is often associated with other reportable STDs (2, 5). T. vaginalis is most frequently identified by microscopic examination of vaginal fluid, but this method has a sensitivity of only about 60% compared to that of culture (3). Most physicians' offices do not maintain media for the culture of T. vaginalis or have the equipment, such as incubators, required for T. vaginalis culture. The goal of this study was to evaluate routine transport media (universal transport medium [UTM] and eSwab transport medium; Copan Diagnostics, Inc., Murrieta, CA) used by many clinics for transport to a formal laboratory setting where delayed culture for T. vaginalis can be performed.

The patients selected for the study met the following criteria: females presenting to the Jefferson County Department of Public Health (Alabama) STD clinic for examination/treatment, postpubescent and 16 years of age, not pregnant, and not having taken metronidazole or tinidazole within 2 weeks of recruitment.

Vaginal swab specimens for T. vaginalis culture were randomized into two equal groups: those stored at room temperature (RT) and those stored at 37°C. All participants, as per the standard of care, were inoculated in the clinic via vaginal swab with an InPouch (Biomed Diagnostics, White City, OR) for T. vaginalis culture; these "bedside inoculated" cultures were kept at 37°C in the clinic and the laboratory and are the gold standard samples for the study. Specimens for transport in UTM and eSwab medium were taken from all participants by using a flocked swab provided with each kit. The UTM and eSwab media inoculated with the RT specimens were stored at RT in the clinic and during transport, and the UTM and eSwab media inoculated with the 37°C specimens were stored at 37°C in the clinic and during transport. In the laboratory, all the UTM and eSwab media were used to inoculate InPouches, which were subsequently incubated at 37°C. Clinic-derived InPouches and InPouches inoculated from UTM and eSwab transport medium were evaluated for positive culture for 5 consecutive days. Cultures that failed to grow after 5 consecutive days were recorded as negative for T. vaginalis.

Data were not assumed to be parametric. Alpha values were set at 5%. Sensitivity and specificity results were generated by using the tools provided by the OpenEpi website (Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, version 2.2; A. G. Dean, K. M. Sullivan, and M. M. Soe [http://www.openepi.com/]). All P values are two-tailed. Unless otherwise noted, mid-P values and Fisher's exact P values are reported. Taylor or conditional maximum likelihood estimates of the odds (OR) are presented with appropriate 95% confidence intervals (CI). The effect of temperature was evaluated by using contingency table analysis. The distributions of age among the participants and the amounts of time the UTM and eSwab media were stored at the specified temperatures before being inoculated by InPouch were evaluated by the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis rank test (JMP software, version 7.0.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

The total number of individuals screened and accepted into the study was 103. Specimens from one hundred of the women were used for analysis. Specimens from the remaining three women were dropped from the study due to storage errors or inadequate paperwork. Seven percent of the women identified themselves as Caucasian and 89% as African American, and 4% refused to record an answer.

The median amount of time that elapsed between the collection and culture of UTM and eSwab media specimens was 5 h (interquartile range, 21 h) compared to immediate culture with bedside inoculation; four collection times were outliers and were excluded from this subanalysis (hours 70, 71, 72, 72).

We performed several analyses to check the uniformity of the data between the RT and 37°C groups. The distributions of elapsed time between collection and culture was not observed to be significantly different between the RT and 37°C groups (P = 0.734). The median age of the participants was 24 years (interquartile range, 7 years). The age distributions did not significantly differ between the RT and 37°C groups (P = 0.750). Furthermore, the age distributions between culture result (positive/negative) and temperature (RT/37°C) were not significantly different for UTM (P = 0.530) and eSwab medium (P = 0.448).

Formal comparison of bedside inoculation (the gold standard) and delayed inoculation via the use of UTM and eSwab media is as follows. No significant differences from the gold standard were observed in the distribution of concordant (growth in both bedside and UTM/eSwab or no growth in both) results and discordant (growth in one but not the other) results for InPouch cultures inoculated from UTM and eSwab medium (UTM, P = 0.362, OR = 4.3, CI = 0.5-39.5; eSwab, P = 1.000, OR = 1.0, CI = 0.2-5.2) (Table 1). Sensitivity and specificity values are presented in Table 2. Given their respective precision ranges, the differences in sensitivity between the transport media are not significant (P = 0.219, OR = 4.0, CI = 0.5-99.0). Comparisons of the numbers of positive and negative cultures with bedside inoculation versus those with UTM and eSwab medium are presented in Table 3.

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TABLE 1. Distribution of culture results concordant or discordant with those of bedside inoculation by transport temperaturea

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TABLE 2. Observed sensitivities and specificities of UTM and eSwab transport medium for Trichomonas vaginalis InPouch culture versus those for bedside inoculationa

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TABLE 3. Culture results for UTM and eSwab transport medium versus those for beside inoculationa

Routine screening for T. vaginalis is currently performed only in clinics where high-risk sexual behavior is suspected, such as in STD clinics. However, T. vaginalis infection is often asymptomatic and, as shown by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, is not uncommon, especially in certain populations. When screening is performed, it is done most commonly with the saline wet prep of the vaginal fluid, which has limited sensitivity (3). In addition, many health care facilities do not perform microscopy on-site. Thus, strategies are needed to maintain the viability of trichomonads during transit to the laboratory for the detection of motile trichomonads.

Two strategies for maintaining viability have been previously reported. We previously reported on the use of Amies gel transport swabs (Copan Diagnostics, Inc., Murrieta, CA) and showed that these swabs were capable of maintaining viability at room temperature for up to 24 ± 6 h prior to inoculation into culture media and incubation (1). The package insert of the InPouch TV culture medium states that if necessary, pouches inoculated at bedside could remain at room temperature for up to 48 h prior to incubation (package insert; document no. 100-001, revised 6/04/2007; Biomed Diagnostics).

This study adds to the potential repertoire of useful transport media for T. vaginalis cultures. Live T. vaginalis cells were isolated from UTM at RT in a preculture time range of 1 h to 26 h, with a sensitivity level equivalent to the gold standard of bedside inoculation. The viability of T. vaginalis in the four elapsed-time (70 to 72 h) outlier specimens suggests that the time range may be larger; additional studies would be informative. The ability of eSwab medium and UTM to maintain T. vaginalis in addition to bacteria, virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma can be very advantageous for streamlining specimen transport systems used in medical facilities.

 
This study was supported by Copan Diagnostics.

We acknowledge the assistance of Michelle Meltzer and Frank Barrientes.

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Zeigler Research Building, #239, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007. Phone: (205) 975-5665. Fax: (205) 975-7764. E-mail: Schwebke{at}uab.edu

Published ahead of print on 9 July 2008.

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1. Beverly, A. L., M. Venglarik, B. Cotton, and J. R. Schwebke. 1999. Viability of Trichomonas vaginalis in transport medium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3749-3750.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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3. Krieger, J. N., M. R. Tam, C. E. Stevens, I. O. Nielsen, J. Hale, N. B. Kiviat, and K. K. Holmes. 1988. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA 259:1223-1227.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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4. Sutton, M., M. Sternberg, E. H. Koumans, G. McQuillan, S. Berman, and L. Markowitz. 2007. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001-2004. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:1319-1326.[CrossRef][Medline]
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5. Weinstock, H., S. Berman, and W. Cates, Jr. 2004. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health 36:6-10.[CrossRef][Medline]

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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 2008, p. 3134-3135, Vol. 46, No. 9
0095-1137/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.00841-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Rivers, C. A. Articles by Schwebke, J. R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Rivers, C. A. Articles by Schwebke, J. R.