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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 2009, p. 503-504, Vol. 47, No. 2
0095-1137/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.00707-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

CASE REPORT

Case of Indolent Endocarditis Due to Pseudomonas stutzeri with Genetic Evidence of Relapse after 4 Years{triangledown}

David Grimaldi,1,3 Isabelle Podglajen,1,3,4 Agnès Aubert,1 Annie Buu-Hoï,1,3 Benoit Diebold,2,3 and Jean-Luc Mainardi1,3,4*

Service de Microbiologie,1 Service de Cardiologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France,2 Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France,3 UMR S 872—Equipe 12, Laboratoire de Recherche Moléculaire sur les Antibiotiques, Centre de Recherche Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France4

Received 14 April 2008/ Returned for modification 16 October 2008/ Accepted 19 November 2008


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ABSTRACT
 
Pseudomonas stutzeri, a gram-negative bacterium, is a common inhabitant of soil and water. We report an unusual case of a relapse of infective endocarditis due to P. stutzeri 4 years after the initial episode. The identity of the strains was proven by genomic analysis.


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CASE REPORT
 
A 40-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for persistent fever in 2007. She had undergone aortic valve replacement and mitral valvuloplasty in 1991 for a valvulopathy of rheumatic origin, followed by mitral and aortic replacements with mechanical prostheses in 1996 and 1997, respectively, for histologically proven infective endocarditis (IE) without microbiological documentation. In November 2001 and July 2002, transesophageal echography (TEE) was performed for fever but did not show any abscess around the prosthetic aortic valve. In December 2003, after 3 weeks of fever treated by antibiotics (unknown regimen), she was admitted for a second-degree auriculo-ventricular block, revealing at TEE a healed abscess of the aortic ring. One out of four sets of blood cultures yielded colonies, which adhered to agar, of a growth-deficient aerobic gram-negative bacillus (no certain identification was obtained) that was susceptible to cefotaxime (MIC, 2 mg/liter in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% horse blood), ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tetracycline but resistant to amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Because of the suspicion of EI in the absence of other foci of infection, the patient was treated with cefotaxime for 1 month, followed by ceftriaxone for another month. Blood cultures remained negative, and the patient remained without fever. A few months later, histologically proven pulmonary sarcoidosis without cardiac involvement was diagnosed and the patient was given prednisolone at 1 mg/kg/day.

In 2007, a physical examination yielded no signs of IE. Sarcoidosis was quiescent under prednisolone treatment at 6 mg/day. The white blood cell count was 14.2 x 109 cells/liter (90% polymorphonuclear), and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 35.6 mg/liter (N, <10 mg/liter). Two out of three aerobic blood cultures, started at a 24-h interval in the absence of antibiotic treatment, were positive after 4 days, yielding a gram-negative bacillus with the same cultural characteristics, i.e., improvement of bacterial growth in medium supplemented with horse blood and the same antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profile as described above. TEE revealed a newly apparent moderate aortic regurgitation. The initial treatment was cefotaxime and gentamicin for 14 days. After 4 days, the patient became afebrile and her white blood cell count and CRP level dropped to 10.1 x 109 cells/liter and 12 mg/liter, respectively. A thoracoabdominal computed tomography scan and vertebral column magnetic resonance imaging were normal. 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing led to the identification of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Antibiotic therapy was changed to oral ciprofloxacin and doxycycline since the patient refused prolonged intravenous therapy. Cardiac surgery was not performed because of the high risk of death. After 16 months of treatment, the patient is in stable cardiac condition and the CRP level is below 15 mg/liter. The serum trough concentrations of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline were 1.1 and 2.4 mg/liter, respectively. Repeated blood cultures have been negative.

The isolate from 2003 was recovered and identified as P. stutzeri by the method described above. Analysis of the genomic fingerprints of both isolates, after random amplification by PCR (6), showed that they were highly related (Fig. 1).


Figure 1
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  		FIG. 1. DNA fragment banding pattern as visualized after acrylamide gel electrophoresis of PCR products obtained by random amplification of polymorphic DNA with three primers (A, B, and C [6]) and silver staining. Lanes: 1 and 2, control clinical strains of P. stutzeri; 3, P. stutzeri isolated in 2007; 4, P. stutzeri isolated in 2003; L, DNA ladder (the molecular sizes on the right are in base pairs).

Human cases of P. stutzeri infection are rare and concern mostly immunocompromised patients with underlying diseases or previous surgery (2). By the modified Duke criteria of endocarditis (3), the patient was classified as having definite IE (she met two major criteria in 2007 and one major and three minor criteria in 2003). To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of IE due to P. stutzeri. The first was that of a 68-year-old man with IE with a bioprosthesis who was successfully treated with tobramycin and mezlocillin (5). As in the present report, the portal of entry and the source of infection were not identified. Peroperative contamination during the surgery performed in 1997 is possible, but the interval (6 years) between the last surgery and the first episode of P. stutzeri bacteremia does not support this hypothesis.

Recurrent IE due to the same microorganism is rare (ca. 3% of IE cases; 1, 4) and can be caused by relapse or reinfection, usually distinguished by a delay of recurrence of less or more than 6 months, respectively (4). However, a relapse after 9 months has been described (1). We report here a unique delay of 4 years for relapsing endocarditis proven by genomic strain analysis. Reinfection with the same P. stutzeri strain would have been highly improbable considering the genetic variability of this species (6) and in the absence of plausible exposure given the patient's lifestyle. We hypothesize that the moderate activity of cefotaxime against members of the family Pseudomonadaceae, reflected by the clinical improvement in 2003, possibly in conjunction with the particularly low virulence of the strain living in a dormant state, may explain the delayed relapse despite the presence of the mechanical valve. A prolonged follow-up is necessary to ensure the definite cure of this EI.


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FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France. Phone: 33 1 56 09 39 51. Fax: 33 1 56 09 24 46. E-mail: jean-luc.mainardi{at}hop.egp.ap-hop-paris.fr Back

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 3 December 2008. Back


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REFERENCES
 
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  3. Li, J. S., D. J. Sexton, N. Mick, R. Nettles, V. G. Fowler, Jr., T. Ryan, T. Bashore, and G. R. Corey. 2000. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30:633-638.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  4. Mansur, A. J., C. M. Dal Bo, J. T. Fukushima, V. S. Issa, M. Grinberg, and P. M. Pomerantzeff. 2001. Relapses, recurrences, valve replacements, and mortality during the long-term follow-up after infective endocarditis. Am. Heart J. 141:78-86.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  5. Rosenberg, I., L. Leibovici, F. Mor, C. Block, and A. J. Wysenbeek. 1987. Pseudomonas stutzeri causing late prosthetic valve endocarditis. J. R. Soc. Med. 80:457-459.[Medline]
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 2009, p. 503-504, Vol. 47, No. 2
0095-1137/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.00707-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




This Article
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