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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, November 1998, p. 3138-3142, Vol. 36, No. 11
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Macroscopic Agglutination Test for Rapid Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis

Angela P. Brandão,1,2 Eide D. Camargo,3,* Emilson D. da Silva,1 Marcos V. Silva,4 and Rui V. Abrão1

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,1 Fundação Nacional de Saúde, São Paulo, SP,2 Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP,3 and Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP,4 Brazil

Received 9 March 1998/Returned for modification 14 May 1998/Accepted 4 August 1998

A commercially available slide agglutination test (SAT) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis was evaluated by comparing it to an immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For all 108 patients, leptospirosis was diagnosed on the basis of a fourfold or greater increase in titer by MAT (seroconversion), and all but 1 of 245 controls were MAT negative (titers, <1:100). Both SAT and the IgM ELISA failed to detect one case of infection (sensitivity, 99%). Only 3 of 145 blood donors and none of the 100 patients with other illnesses were SAT positive (specificity, 99%). The overall results were similar for the three tests; however, SAT and ELISA were statistically more sensitive as initial screening tests. For 22% of the patients, the diagnosis of leptospirosis was made earlier by SAT than by MAT. SAT detected 27 (44%) of 62 MAT-negative patients with the first serum sample. ELISA and SAT had very similar results. Follow-up of patients for 1 year after the onset of symptoms showed a decreasing rate of positivity by SAT from the third month on. The rate of positivity by ELISA decreased more slowly, to about 67% by the end of the study. By MAT all patients were persistently reactive. SAT and ELISA seem to be convenient methods for the rapid and early screening for leptospirosis and could replace the less sensitive MAT. ELISA gives less subjective results than SAT and provides information on IgM kinetics, but it can be performed only by the more sophisticated laboratories. SAT is inexpensive, can be performed more quickly and more easily than ELISA, and could be used by the less well equipped laboratories.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355/10° andar, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01246-902. Phone: 55-11-30610111, ext. 2063. Fax: 55-11-8533505. E-mail: abrandao{at}plugnet.com.br.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, November 1998, p. 3138-3142, Vol. 36, No. 11
0095-1137/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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