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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2003, p. 3198-3205, Vol. 41, No. 7
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3198-3205.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Pathogenic and Antigenic Properties of Phylogenetically Distinct Reassortant H3N2 Swine Influenza Viruses Cocirculating in the United States

Jürgen A. Richt,1* Kelly M. Lager,1 Bruce H. Janke,2 Roger D. Woods,1 Robert G. Webster,3 and Richard J. Webby3

Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010,1 Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011,2 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 381053

Received 13 December 2002/ Returned for modification 13 March 2003/ Accepted 28 April 2003

Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses. Before 1998, swine influenza virus isolates in the United States were mainly of the classical H1N1 lineage. Since then, phylogenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 viruses have been identified as respiratory pathogens in pigs on U.S. farms. The H3N2 viruses presently circulating in the U.S. swine population are triple reassortants containing avian-like (PA and PB2), swine-like (M, NP, and NS), and human-like (HA, NA, and PB1) gene segments. Recent sequence data show that the triple reassortants have acquired at least three distinct H3 molecules from human influenza viruses and thus form three distinct phylogenetic clusters (I to III). In this study we analyzed the antigenic and pathogenic properties of viruses belonging to each of these clusters. Hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays that used hyperimmune sera obtained from caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs revealed that H3N2 cluster I and cluster III viruses share common epitopes, whereas a cluster II virus showed only limited cross-reactivity. H3N2 viruses from each of the three clusters were able to induce clinical signs of disease and associated lesions upon intratracheal inoculation into seronegative pigs. There were, however, differences in the severity of lesions between individual strains even within one antigenic cluster. A correlation between the severity of disease and pig age was observed. These data highlight the increased diversity of swine influenza viruses in the United States and would indicate that surveillance should be intensified to determine the most suitable vaccine components.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA 50010. Phone: (515) 663-7366. Fax: (515) 663-7458. E-mail: jricht{at}nadc.ars.usda.gov.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2003, p. 3198-3205, Vol. 41, No. 7
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3198-3205.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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