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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 2003, p. 4279-4284, Vol. 41, No. 9
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.9.4279-4284.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Phage-Based Typing Scheme for Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg, a Causative Agent of Food Poisonings in Canada

Walter Demczuk,1 Geoff Soule,1 Clifford Clark,1 Hans-W. Ackermann,2 Russell Easy,3 Rasik Khakhria,1 Frank Rodgers,4 and Rafiq Ahmed1*

National Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba,1 Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec,2 National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,3 Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire4

Received 20 March 2003/ Returned for modification 4 May 2003/ Accepted 30 June 2003

Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is perhaps the second most frequent Salmonella serovar isolated from humans and the most common isolated from animals in Canada. This pathogen has shown increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents and mimics the multidrug resistance observed in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain DT 104. However, unlike for serovar Typhimurium, a rapid and inexpensive subtyping method has not been available for large-scale surveillance efforts. We developed a phage typing scheme and subtyped 2,523 strains of serovar Heidelberg from outbreaks, sporadic infections, and environmental sources in Canada between January 1991 and December 2000. All strains were sensitive to one or more phages and could be subdivided into 49 phage types. A total of 196 isolates from 13 major outbreaks could be subtyped into six phage types, while 86 strains from family outbreaks were assigned to seven phage types. All strains were typeable, and epidemiologically related strains isolated from patients and implicated foods had identical phage types, antibiograms, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Combining PFGE with phage typing increased the discriminatory power of the analysis beyond that of either method alone. We concluded that this phage typing scheme, in conjunction with PFGE, enhances subtyping of serovar Heidelberg strains. Furthermore, this phage typing scheme is a rapid, economical, stable, and reliable epidemiologic tool for tracing the origin of food-borne disease and for the surveillance of sporadic infections.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, The Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, Canada R3E 3R2. Phone: (204) 789-6013. Fax: (204) 789-5012. E-mail: Rafiq_Ahmed{at}hc-sc.gc.ca.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, September 2003, p. 4279-4284, Vol. 41, No. 9
0095-1137/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.9.4279-4284.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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