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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2004, p. 2952-2960, Vol. 42, No. 7
0095-1137/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.7.2952-2960.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis among Immigrants in Hamburg, Germany

Roland Diel,1 Sabine Rüsch-Gerdes,2 and Stefan Niemann2*

School of Public Health, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40001 Düsseldorf,1 National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Forschungszentrum Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany2

Received 12 December 2003/ Returned for modification 28 January 2004/ Accepted 7 April 2004

To study the characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) in foreign-born individuals living in Hamburg, Germany, and to discover in what way foreign-born individuals contribute to the incidence of TB in Hamburg, an in-depth epidemiological study was performed by a combination of classical and molecular methods. In total, 796 patients with TB were analyzed between 1997 and 2002 (88.7% of all patients with culture-positive TB in the study period). Of this total, 334 were foreign-born patients from 43 different countries. Of these, only 31 cases were identified as a consequence of the screening of 12,176 asylum seekers at entry. Of the foreign-born patients, 41.9% had been living in Germany for more than 5 years. On the basis of the IS6110 typing results for isolates from all patients, 246 patients (31%) were classified into 68 clusters, with each cluster containing from 2 to 38 patients. Among foreign-born individuals, 86 (26%) were represented in 40 clusters. In multivariate analyses, a previous history as a TB contact had the highest predictive risk for clustering among foreign-born patients, followed by drug addiction, alcohol dependence, being an asylum seeker, and unemployment. Epidemiological links verifying recent transmission could be confirmed for 39 of the 86 foreign-born members (45.3%) who formed a cluster, comprising 16 source patients and 23 directly infected patients. Of 2,227 previously known contacts of foreign-born patients subjected to traditional contact investigation, 14 foreign-born individuals (0.6%) subsequently contracted culture-confirmed TB, but only 9 transmissions could be confirmed by IS6110 typing (39.1% of the 23 confirmed fresh infections retrospectively confirmed by IS6110 typing). In conclusion, only a minority of TB cases among foreign-born individuals are detected by screening of asylum seekers or conventional contact tracing. Recent transmission does not play an important role in TB among immigrants in Hamburg.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Parkallee 18, D-23845 Borstel, Germany. Phone: (49) 4537 188762. Fax: (49) 4537 188311. E-mail: sniemann{at}fz-borstel.de.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2004, p. 2952-2960, Vol. 42, No. 7
0095-1137/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.7.2952-2960.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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