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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, March 2008, p. 1067-1075, Vol. 46, No. 3
0095-1137/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01257-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genetic Evolution of Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses in China from 1970 to 2006{triangledown}

Hai Yu,1 Rong-Hong Hua,1 Qiang Zhang,1 Tian-Qiang Liu,1 Hui-Li Liu,3 Guo-Xin Li,1 and Guang-Zhi Tong1,2*

National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China,1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200232, China,2 Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China3

Received 22 June 2007/ Returned for modification 7 November 2007/ Accepted 27 December 2007

Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts, or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of wholly human-like H3N2 viruses, double-reassortant H3N2 viruses, and triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses in pigs in China by analyzing the eight genes of swine influenza A (H3N2) viruses found in China from 1970 to 2006. In 1970, the first wholly human-like H3N2 (Hong Kong/68-like) viruses were isolated from pigs in Taiwan, and then in the next years Victoria/75-like, Sydney/97-like, New York/99-like, and Moscow/99-like swine H3N2 viruses were regularly isolated in China. In the 1980s, two triple-reassortant viruses were isolated from pigs. Recently, the double-reassortant viruses containing genes from the human (HA and NA) and avian (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS) lineages and the triple-reassortant viruses containing genes from the human (HA and NA), classical swine (NP), and avian (PB2, PB1, PA, M, and NS) lineages emerged in pigs in China. The coexistence of wholly human-like and reassortant viruses provides further evidence that pigs serve as intermediate hosts, or mixing vessels, and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing swine influenza virus surveillance in China.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China. Phone and fax: (86) 451-82734181. E-mail: gztong{at}hvri.ac.cn

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 16 January 2008.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, March 2008, p. 1067-1075, Vol. 46, No. 3
0095-1137/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01257-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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