This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Feng, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Xiao, L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Feng, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Xiao, L.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, January 2009, p. 153-157, Vol. 47, No. 1
0095-1137/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01777-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Cryptosporidium Genotype and Subtype Distribution in Raw Wastewater in Shanghai, China: Evidence for Possible Unique Cryptosporidium hominis Transmission{triangledown}

Yaoyu Feng,1 Na Li,2,3,4 Liping Duan,2,3,4 and Lihua Xiao3*

School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China,1 School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200295, China,2 Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341,3 Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, Georgia 300334

Received 15 September 2008/ Returned for modification 29 October 2008/ Accepted 4 November 2008

To identify the genotype and subtype distributions of Cryptosporidium oocysts in domestic wastewater in Shanghai, China, and to facilitate the characterization of the endemic transmission of cryptosporidiosis, raw domestic wastewater samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai, China, from December 2006 to April 2007. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species were detected based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of the small-subunit rRNA gene. Samples that contained Cryptosporidium hominis were further subtyped by DNA sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene. Among a total of 90 samples analyzed, 63 were PCR positive, 10 of which had mixed genotypes. Fifty-nine (93.7%) of the PCR-positive samples had C. hominis, and 7 (11.1%) had C. meleagridis. The other seven Cryptosporidium species/genotypes identified included C. baileyi, C. parvum, C. suis, C. muris, rat genotype, avian genotype III, and a novel genotype. Forty-seven of the 59 C. hominis-positive samples were successfully subtyped, with 29 having subtype family Ib and the remaining belonging to subtype families Ia, Id, Ie, and If. The three Ib subtypes identified, IbA19G2, IbA20G2, and IbA21G2, were very different from the two common Ib subtypes (IbA9G3 and IbA10G2) found in other areas of the world. Likewise, the Ie subtype IeA12G3T3 was also different from the common IeA11G3T3 subtype. Thus, the presence of multiple subtype families and unique Ib, Ie, and If subtypes indicates that there might be endemic transmission of cryptosporidiosis in the study area and that C. hominis populations there might be very different from those in other areas.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Building 22, Mail Stop F-12, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717. Phone: (770) 488-4840. Fax: (770) 488-4454. E-mail: lxiao{at}cdc.gov

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 November 2008.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, January 2009, p. 153-157, Vol. 47, No. 1
0095-1137/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JCM.01777-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»