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Identification of Shigella spp., Escherichia coli, and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) is challenging because of their close relatedness. Distinction is vital, as infections with...

Serological diagnosis of syphilis depends on assays that detect treponemal and nontreponemal antibodies. Laboratory certification and trained personnel are needed to perform most of these tests, while high costs and long turnaround time can hinder treatment initiation or linkage to care.