Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Map of the United Kingdom with an inset showing East Anglia. The locations of outbreaks of gastroenteritis included in this study are indicated: 1, Addenbrooke’s; 2, Basildon; 3, Chelmsford; 4, Dulwich; 5, Herts and Essex; 6, Ipswich; 7, Lowestoft; 8, Romford; 9, Southend; 10, West Suffolk; and 11, Whipps Cross.
- Fig. 2.
(A) Representative gel of Ni-E3 PCR products (113 bp). Lanes 4 and 5, positive and negative controls, respectively; Lane M, a 1-kb molecular size marker. (B) Representative gel of GI-GII-E3-PCR products. Lanes 7 and 8, GI and GII positive controls, respectively. The GI-E3 PCR product is 190 bp, and the GII-E3 product is 270 bp. Lane 6, negative control; lane M, 1-kb molecular size marker.
- Fig. 3.
Phylogenetic alignment of all sequence data obtained from outbreak specimens from this study and data available from the GenBank database for typical members of genogroup I (Norwalk, Southampton, and Desert Shield), genogroup II (Grimsby, Pilgrim, Lordsdale, Hawaii, Snow Mountain agent, Mexico, and Melksham), and genogroup III (Manchester, a classical calicivirus). These strains are indicated in boldface type. Outbreak strains are identified by the location and date of onset of the outbreak. Specimens in italic type are those for which GII-E3 sequence data were available and whose data were therefore used in the phylogenetic analysis whose results are presented in Fig. 4.
- Fig. 4.
Alignment of all sequence data from GII-E3 products. The sequence data for the outbreak strains were compared with the sequence data for two typical genogroup II SRSVs, Grimsby and Lordsdale, from the GenBank database. The numbers in boldface type represent bootstraps for the alignment, and outbreak specimens are identified by date and location of outbreak. The calibration bar denotes divergence of 1%.
- Fig. 5.
Alignment of sequences obtained for genogroup II (positive GII-E3 PCR products) specimens isolated from outbreaks occurring at all locations studied in this work during the 1996–1997 season compared with the sequence available for Grimsby virus (G-V) and Lordsdale virus (L-V). The sequence of the Grimsby virus is shown along the top, and consensus with this sequence in the other strains is indicated by a period. Single point mutations are identified by the replacement base. Numbering refers to the base position in the sequence. Specimens are identified by the date and location of outbreaks. Locations of outbreaks are abbreviated as follows: Bas, Basildon; S/end, Southend; Chel, Chelmsford; H&E, Herts and Essex; Add, Addenbrooke’s; W X, Whipps Cross; and W/Suf, West Suffolk.
Tables
- Table 1.
Specimens obtained from SRSV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in Southend, United Kingdom
Date of onset of outbreak (day/mo/yr)a Community location of outbreak No. of specimens in outbreak No. (%) of specimens EM positive No. (%) of specimens Ni-E3 RT-PCR positive/total no. of specimens tested (%) No. of specimens in study 26/11/1996 Hospital 10 1 (10) 3/10 (30) 4 2/12/1996(a) Hospital 23 1 (4) 2/16 (13) 1 2/12/1996(b) Hospital 15 1 (7) 5/15 (33) 2 3/12/1996(a) Hospital 10 1 (10) 5/9 (56) 3 3/12/1996(b) Hospital 17 0 6/16 (38) 2 10/12/1996 Hospital 8 1 (13) 1/8 (13) 1 12/12/1996 Hospital 5 1 (20) 2/4 (50) 1 20/1/1997 Hospital 7 0 3/7 (43) 1 5/2/1997 Hospital 7 0 5/7 (71) 2 20/2/1997 Hospital 8 1 (13) 4/8 (50) 4 21/3/1997 Hospital 6 0 4/6 (67) 1 19/4/1997 Residential home 10 NT 7/10 (70) 1 14/5/1997 Hospital 2 NT 2/2 (100) 1 Total 128 7 49 24 ↵a When more than one outbreak occurred on the same date but at different locations within the same institution, outbreaks are identified as (a) and (b).
b NT, specimens were not tested.
- Table 2.
Specimens obtained from SRSV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in East Anglia, United Kingdom, at locations other than Southend
Location of outbreak Date of onset of outbreak (day/mo/yr)a Community location of outbreak No. of specimens in outbreak No. (%) of specimens EM positive No. (%) of specimens Ni-E3 RT-PCR positive No. of specimens in study Ipswich 24/11/1996 Hospital 2 1 (50) 1 (50) 1 Basildon 24/11/1996 Hospital 3 1 (33) 3 (100) 3 Chelmsford 27/11/1996 Hospital 5 0 4 (80) 1 Lowestoft 12/12/1996 Residential home 4 1 (25) 1 (25) 1 Ipswich 12/12/1996 Hospital 4 0 4 (100) 1 Chelmsford 13/12/1996 Hospital 2 0 1 (50) 1 Herts & Essex 18/1/1997 Hospital 4 2 (50) 4 (100) 3 Basildon 18/1/1997 Hospital 2 0 2 (100) 1 Chelmsford 19/1/1997 Hospital 3 0 2 (67) 1 Addenbrooke’s 20/1/1997 Hospital 10 2 5 (56)b 2 Chelmsford 22/1/1997 Hospital 3 0 3 (100) 2 Dulwich 14/2/1997 Hotel 22 0 6 (27) 2 West Suffolk 14/2/1997(a) Hospital 8 1 (13) 2 (25) 2 West Suffolk 14/2/1997(b) Hospital 6 0 5 (83) 2 Whipps Cross 15/2/1997 Residential home 3 0 3 (100) 1 Romford 15/2/1997 Hospital 7 0 5 (71) 1 West Suffolk 17/2/1997 Hospital 3 0 2 (67) 2 Total 91 8 53 27
