Diphtheria in the Republic of Georgia: Use of Molecular Typing Techniques for Characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Strains

Alexander Sulakvelidze; Merab Kekelidze; Tsaro Gomelauri; Yingkang Deng; Nino Khetsuriani; Ketino Kobaidze; Aruni De Zoysa; Androulla Efstratiou; J. Glenn Morris; Paata Imnadze

doi:10.1128/JCM.37.10.3265-3270.1999

DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.10.3265-3270.1999

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Fig. 1.
RAPD patterns of C. diphtheriae strains. Lanes 1 and 14, molecular weight standards (1-kb ladder); lanes 2 through 5, strains of the mitis biotype, including RAPD types AP 3 (lane 2) and AP 2 (lanes 3, 4, and 5); lane 6, NCTC 10356 (negative control strain, AP 5); lane 7, NCTC 10648 (positive control strain, AP 4); lanes 8 through 13, strains of the gravis biotype, including RAPD type AP 1 Georgian strains (lanes 8, 9, and 10), Russian strains (lanes 11 and 12), and ATCC 13812 Park Williams 8 (lane 13).
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Fig. 2.
PFGE patterns of SfiI-digested DNA ofC. diphtheriae strains. Lanes 1 through 4 and 6, strains of the mitis biotype, including PFGE types F (lane 1), E (lane 2), H (lane 3), L (lane 4), and J (lane 6); lanes 5 and 7 through 9, strains of the gravis biotype, including PFGE types I (lane 5), A (lane 7), M (lane 8, ATCC 13812), and N (lane 9, NCTC 10648); lane 10, combination of λ ladder and low-range PFGE size markers (kilobases).
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Fig. 3.
Ribotyping patterns of C. diphtheriaestrains. Lanes 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, and 10, strains of the gravis biotype, including ribotypes R 1 (lane 1), R 4 (lane 2), R 8 (lane 5), R 3 (lane 7), R 10 (lane 8, ATCC 13812), and R 11 (lane 10, NCTC 10648); lanes 3, 4, and 6, strains of the mitis biotype, including ribotypes R 6 (lane 3), R 5 (lane 4), and R 9 (lane 6); lane 9, negative control strain NCTC 10356 (ribotype R 12).
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Fig. 4.
Dendrogram portraying the genetic diversity of the Georgian and Russian epidemic C. diphtheriae strains. Representative PFGE patterns of SfiI-digested DNA ofC. diphtheriae strains are shown. Data for strains are number of Georgian strains/number of Russian strains, unless otherwise indicated.

Tables

Figures

Table 1.

Correlation among the biotypes, PFGE types, ribotypes, and RAPD types of the C. diphtheriae strains

Strains^a	Biotype	PFGE type (location in Fig. 2)	Ribotype (location in Fig.3)	RAPD type (location in Fig. 1)
54/4	Gravis	A (lane 7)	R 1 (lane 1)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
4/0	Gravis	B (NS)^b	R 2 (NS)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
1/0	Gravis	C (NS)	R 3 (lane 7)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
2/0	Gravis	D (NS)	R 4 (lane 2)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
3/0	Mitis	E (lane 2)	R 5 (lane 4)	AP 2 (lanes 3–5)
1/0	Mitis	F (lane 1)	R 6 (lane 3)	AP 3 (lane 2)
1/0	Gravis	G (NS)	ND^c (ND)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
0/2	Mitis	H (lane 3)	R 7 (NS)	AP 2 (lanes 3–5)
0/1	Gravis	I (lane 5)	R 8 (lane 5)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
0/1	Mitis	J (lane 6)	R 9 (lane 6)	AP 6 (NS)
0/1	Mitis	K (NS)	ND (ND)	AP 2 (lanes 3–5)
0/1	Mitis	L (lane 4)	ND (ND)	AP 2 (lanes 3–5)
ATCC 13812	Gravis	M (lane 8)	R 10 (lane 8)	AP 1 (lanes 8–13)
NCTC 10648	Gravis	N (lane 9)	R 11 (lane 7)	AP 4 (lane 7)
NCTC 10356	Belfantii	O (NS)	R 12 (lane 10)	AP 5 (lane 6)