Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Sites and frequency of sewage sampling in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. ■, monthly sampling; □, occasional sampling; ●, regional sewage treatment facility (monthly sampling).
- Fig. 2.
Annual distribution of sewage samples, 1989 to 1997. The numbers of sewage samples collected from three regions, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (Judea and Samaria), and Israel, are shown separately, as well as the total number of samples collected.
- Fig. 3.
Monthly number of wild-type polio plaques per liter of sewage sample (PFU/liter) determined for 12 positive samples collected in the Gaza Strip and Qualquilya during the 1994–1995 silent outbreak.
- Fig. 4.
Homology between the VP1-2A genes in various isolates. The sampling time (month-year) and location of collection of each isolate are indicated in Table 2. (A) Above diagonal, amino acid sequence homology; below diagonal, nucleic acid sequence homology. (B) Range of amino acid homologies among various isolates. (C) Range of nucleic acid homologies among various isolates. min, minimum; max, maximum.
Tables
- Table 1.
Sewage sampling sites, population type, and sampling methods used
Site District Population Sampling methoda Akko North Jewish and Arab town a Zefat North Jewish town b Naharya North Jewish town a Tiberia North Jewish town b Nazeret North Jewish and Arab town b Afula North Jewish town a Haifa Haifa Jewish and Arab town a Umm-El-Fahem Haifa Arab town b Hadera Haifa Jewish town b Or-Akiva Haifa Jewish town b Netanya Center Jewish town b Lod Center Jewish and Arab town c Ramla Center Jewish and Arab town c Rehovot Center Jewish town c Herzlia Tel Aviv Jewish town a Ramat-Hasharon Tel Aviv Jewish town b Dan region facility Dan metropolitan Jewish town a Ashdod Ashquelon Jewish town c Ashquelon Ashquelon Jewish town b Quiryat-Gat Ashquelon Jewish town c Ofakim South Jewish town b, c Beer-Sheva South Jewish town b Arad South Jewish town b Jenin Samaria Arab town b Tul-Karem Samaria Arab town b Shekhem Samaria Arab town b Qualquilya Samaria Arab town b Jerusalem Jerusalem Jewish and Arab town a, b Ramallah Judea Arab town b Beit-Lehem Judea Arab town b Hebron Judea Arab town b Elbira Judea Refugee camp b Beit-Lahiya Gaza Arab town and refugee camp b Sheik-Raduan Gaza Arab town b Sheik-Ajlun Gaza Arab town and refugee camp b Raffah Gaza Arab town and refugee camp b ↵a a, automatic composite sample; b, manual composite sample; c, gauze pad sample (24 to 48 h).
- Table 2.
Wild-type poliovirus isolates from sewage by date and location
Date (mo/yr) Site District Type of communitya Polio type Isolates sequenced 10/90 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 3 5/91 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 9/91 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 isr91 10/91 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 10/94 Qualquilya Samaria AT 1 isr94 12/94 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 12/94 Rafah Gaza AT + RC 1 isr94b, -94c 12/94 Sheik-Ajlun Gaza AT + RC 1 1/95 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 1/95 Sheik-Raduan Gaza AT 1 2/95 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 isr95c 2/95 Raffah Gaza AT + RC 1 isr95 3/95 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 isr95b 4/95 Beit-Lahiya Gaza AT + RC 1 6/95 Ashdod Ashquelon JT 1 isr95d 12/96 Rafah Gaza AT + RC 1 isr96a, -96b ↵a AT, Arab town; RC, refugee camp; JT, Jewish town.
