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Virology

Detection of Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority

Y. Manor, R. Handsher, T. Halmut, M. Neuman, A. Bobrov, H. Rudich, A. Vonsover, L. Shulman, O. Kew, E. Mendelson
Y. Manor
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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R. Handsher
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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T. Halmut
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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M. Neuman
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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A. Bobrov
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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H. Rudich
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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A. Vonsover
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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L. Shulman
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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O. Kew
Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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E. Mendelson
Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, and
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DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.6.1670-1675.1999
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  • Fig. 1.
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    Fig. 1.

    Sites and frequency of sewage sampling in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. ■, monthly sampling; □, occasional sampling; ●, regional sewage treatment facility (monthly sampling).

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    Fig. 2.

    Annual distribution of sewage samples, 1989 to 1997. The numbers of sewage samples collected from three regions, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (Judea and Samaria), and Israel, are shown separately, as well as the total number of samples collected.

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    Fig. 3.

    Monthly number of wild-type polio plaques per liter of sewage sample (PFU/liter) determined for 12 positive samples collected in the Gaza Strip and Qualquilya during the 1994–1995 silent outbreak.

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    Fig. 4.

    Homology between the VP1-2A genes in various isolates. The sampling time (month-year) and location of collection of each isolate are indicated in Table 2. (A) Above diagonal, amino acid sequence homology; below diagonal, nucleic acid sequence homology. (B) Range of amino acid homologies among various isolates. (C) Range of nucleic acid homologies among various isolates. min, minimum; max, maximum.

Tables

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  • Table 1.

    Sewage sampling sites, population type, and sampling methods used

    SiteDistrictPopulationSampling methoda
    AkkoNorthJewish and Arab towna
    ZefatNorthJewish townb
    NaharyaNorthJewish towna
    TiberiaNorthJewish townb
    NazeretNorthJewish and Arab townb
    AfulaNorthJewish towna
    HaifaHaifaJewish and Arab towna
    Umm-El-FahemHaifaArab townb
    HaderaHaifaJewish townb
    Or-AkivaHaifaJewish townb
    NetanyaCenterJewish townb
    LodCenterJewish and Arab townc
    RamlaCenterJewish and Arab townc
    RehovotCenterJewish townc
    HerzliaTel AvivJewish towna
    Ramat-HasharonTel AvivJewish townb
    Dan region facilityDan metropolitanJewish towna
    AshdodAshquelonJewish townc
    AshquelonAshquelonJewish townb
    Quiryat-GatAshquelonJewish townc
    OfakimSouthJewish townb, c
    Beer-ShevaSouthJewish townb
    AradSouthJewish townb
    JeninSamariaArab townb
    Tul-KaremSamariaArab townb
    ShekhemSamariaArab townb
    QualquilyaSamariaArab townb
    JerusalemJerusalemJewish and Arab towna, b
    RamallahJudeaArab townb
    Beit-LehemJudeaArab townb
    HebronJudeaArab townb
    ElbiraJudeaRefugee campb
    Beit-LahiyaGazaArab town and refugee campb
    Sheik-RaduanGazaArab townb
    Sheik-AjlunGazaArab town and refugee campb
    RaffahGazaArab town and refugee campb
    • ↵a a, automatic composite sample; b, manual composite sample; c, gauze pad sample (24 to 48 h).

  • Table 2.

    Wild-type poliovirus isolates from sewage by date and location

    Date (mo/yr)SiteDistrictType of communityaPolio typeIsolates sequenced
    10/90Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC3
    5/91Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1
    9/91Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1isr91
    10/91Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1
    10/94QualquilyaSamariaAT1isr94
    12/94Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1
    12/94RafahGazaAT + RC1isr94b, -94c
    12/94Sheik-AjlunGazaAT + RC1
    1/95Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1
    1/95Sheik-RaduanGazaAT1
    2/95Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1isr95c
    2/95RaffahGazaAT + RC1isr95
    3/95Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1isr95b
    4/95Beit-LahiyaGazaAT + RC1
    6/95AshdodAshquelonJT1isr95d
    12/96RafahGazaAT + RC1isr96a, -96b
    • ↵a AT, Arab town; RC, refugee camp; JT, Jewish town.

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Detection of Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority
Y. Manor, R. Handsher, T. Halmut, M. Neuman, A. Bobrov, H. Rudich, A. Vonsover, L. Shulman, O. Kew, E. Mendelson
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 1999, 37 (6) 1670-1675; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.6.1670-1675.1999

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Detection of Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority
Y. Manor, R. Handsher, T. Halmut, M. Neuman, A. Bobrov, H. Rudich, A. Vonsover, L. Shulman, O. Kew, E. Mendelson
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 1999, 37 (6) 1670-1675; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.6.1670-1675.1999
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KEYWORDS

Environmental Monitoring
poliovirus

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