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Bacteriology

Phenotypic Identification of Actinomycesand Related Species Isolated from Human Sources

Nanna Sarkonen, Eija Könönen, Paula Summanen, Mauno Könönen, Hannele Jousimies-Somer
Nanna Sarkonen
Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute,
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Eija Könönen
Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute,
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Paula Summanen
Veterans Affairs Wadsworth Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
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Mauno Könönen
University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
University of Helsinki, and
Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland;
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Hannele Jousimies-Somer
Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute,
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DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.11.3955-3961.2001
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  • Fig. 1.
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    Fig. 1.

    Flowchart for preliminary identification ofActinomyces species. All enzyme reactions were performed with Rosco diagnostic tablets. ∗, see Table 2; ssp., subsp.; α-fuc, α-fucosidase.

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    Fig. 2.

    Flowchart for preliminary identification ofArcanobacterium species and A. schalii. All enzyme reactions were performed with Rosco diagnostic tablets.

Tables

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  • Table 1.

    Recent taxonomic changes among Actinomyces and closely related genera from human sources

    YearCurrent namePrevious nomenclature or taxonomic positionSourceReference
    1994Actinomyces neuii subsp.anitratusCDC group 1 coryneformAbscess, blood7
    1994Actinomyces neuii subsp.neuiiCDC group 1-like coryneformAbscess, blood7
    1995Actinomyces radingaeA. pyogenes-like (APL1)Polymicrobial infection27
    1995Actinomyces turicensisA. pyogenes-like (APL10)Polymicrobial infection27
    1995Actinomyces europaeusNew speciesAbscess6
    1997Actinomyces graevenitziiNew speciesRespiratory tract19
    2000Actinomyces radicidentisNew speciesOral cavity4
    2000Actinomyces urogenitalisNew speciesUrogenital tract16
    2001Actinomyces funkeiNew speciesBlood12
    1997Actinobaculum schaliiNew speciesBlood11
    1997Arcanobacterium bernardiaeActinomyces bernardiaeAbscess, blood18
    1997Arcanobacterium pyogenesActinomyces pyogenesPolymicrobial infection18
  • Table 2.

    Identification scheme for Actinomyces and closely related speciesa

    Species and strain(s)PigmentationCatalase productionNitrate reductionCAMP testHydrolysis of:Production of:Fermentation of:
    UreaEsculinα-Fucosidaseα-Glucosidaseβ- NAGβ-GalalactosidaseArabinoseMaltoseMannitolRaffinoseRhamnoseSucroseXyloseTrehalose
    A. europaeus CCUG 32789AT−−+b−−+b−+−+−+−−−−+b−
    A. funkei CCUG 42773T−−+ +c−− +d++++e+−−−++−
    A. georgiae
     ATCC 49285T−−+−−+−+−+−w−−w+++
     1 clinical strain−−−−−+−+−+−+−−++++
    A. gerencseriae
     ATCC 23860T−−+−−+−+−+−++−f+f++f+
     12 clinical strains−−v−−+−+−+−+−+−+wv
    A. graevenitzii
     CCUG 27294T +g−−−−−−−++−+−+−+−−
     9 clinical strains+−v−−−−v++−+−−−+wv
    A. israelii
     ATCC 10049−−+−−+−+−+++−+++++
     10 clinical strains−−+−−+−+−+++w+v+++
    A. meyeri
     ATCC 35568T−−− +h−−−+ +i +i−+−−−++−
     4 clinical strains−−v+−−−+++++−−−++−
    A. naeslundii
     ATCC 12104T−−+−++−+−+−+−+−+−+
     8 clinical strains−−v−+v−+−+−+−+−+−+
    A. neuii subsp. neuii CCUG 32252T−+++−−−+−++++−jwj++−j
    A. neuii subsp. anitratus CCUG 32253T−+−+− +k−+−+−+++−+++
    A. odontolyticus
     ATCC 17929T+−+−−w+ +l− +l− +m−− +m +mw−
     10 clinical strains+−+−−vvv−+−+−−+++−
    A. radicidentis CCUG 36733T +n++−−w−+−+−+++−+−+
    A. radingae
     CCUG 32394T−−− +o−+++++++−−−++−
     5 clinical strains−−++−+++v+++−w−+vv
    A. turicensis
     CCUG 34269T−−−−−−++−−−+−−−++ −p
     5 clinical strains−−−−− −+v+−−−+−−−++v
    A. urogenitalis CCUG 38702T +q−+−−+−+++ww− −rw++w
    A. viscous
     ATCC 15987T−++−+−−+−+−+−+−+−−
     6 clinical strains−++−−−−+−v−+−+−+v−
    Arcanobacterium bernardiae CCUG 33419T−−−−−− +s+ +t−w+−−w−−−
    Arcanobacterium haemolyticum ATCC 9345T−−−+Rev−−++++−+−−−+−−
    Arcanobacterium pyogenes CCUG 13230T−−−−−−− +u −v+−+w−−w++
    Actinobaculum schalii CCUG 27420T−−−w−−−+−−++−−+++−
    • ↵a All enzyme reactions in this table are based on results obtained with Rosco diagnostic tablets; fermentation reactions are based on tests with PRAS biochemicals. The other footnotes describe the reactions that are discrepant compared with previously published data. Abbreviations ATCC, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.; CCUG, Culture Collection, University of Gothenborg, Gothenborg, Sweden; +, positive reaction or result; −, negative reaction or result; w, weak reaction; v, variable reaction; Rev, reverse.

    • ↵b In the original description (6), the type strain is nitrate, esculin, and xylose negative with the API CORYNE kit.

    • ↵c In the original description (12), the strain is not reported to be CAMP test positive.

    • ↵d In the original description (12), the strain is negative with API systems.

    • ↵e In the original description (12), acid is not produced from l-arabinose with API systems.

    • ↵f In the original description (10), the type strain does not ferment rhamnose or xylose and ferments raffinose.

    • ↵g In the original description (19), the strain is nonpigmented.

    • ↵h Wüst et al. (27) reported a negative reaction by the CAMP test.

    • ↵i Schaal (22), in Bergey's manual, reports a negative reaction with the API ZYM system.

    • ↵j In the original description (7), acid is produced from raffinose and trehalose but acid is not produced from l-rhamnose with the API 50CH system.

    • ↵k In the original description (7), the strain is reported to be esculin negative with the API CORYNE kit.

    • ↵l Schaal (22), in Bergey's manual, reports a negative reaction with the API ZYM kit.

    • ↵m Johnson et al. (10) report a negative reaction with PRAS biochemicals.

    • ↵n In the original description (4), the strain is not reported to be a pigment producer.

    • ↵o Vandamme et al. (25) reported a negative CAMP test reaction.

    • ↵p Vandamme et al. (25) reported a positive reaction with a tryptone soy broth plus horse serum (Oxoid) and a variable reaction with the API CORYNE kit.

    • ↵q In the original description (16), the strain was not reported to be a pigment producer.

    • ↵r Nikolaitchouk et al. (16) reported a positive reaction for d-raffinose with the API RAPID ID 32 STREP kit.

    • ↵s In the original description (18), the strain was reported to have a negative reaction with the API ZYM kit.

    • ↵t Funke et al. (6) and Lawson et al. (11) reported negative reactions (the test system was not traceable).

    • ↵u Lawson et al. (11) reported a negative reaction.

    • ↵v Lawson et al. (11) reported a positive reaction.

  • Table 3.

    Enzyme reactions of three different test methodsa

    StrainRosco diagnostic tabletsb4-MU-linked substratesbAPIZYM kitc
    α-Fucosidaseα-Glucosidaseβ- NAGβ-Galactosidaseα-Fucosidaseα-Glucosidaseβ- NAGβ-Galactosidaseα-Fucosidaseα-Glucosidaseβ- NAGβ-Galactosidase
    A. europaeus−+−+−−−+0305
    A. funkei++++++++0453
    A. georgiae−+−+−+−+0300
    A. gerencseriae−+−+−+−+0505
    A. graevenitzii−−++−−++0255
    A. israelii−+−+−+−+0505
    A. meyeri−+++−+−w0303
    A. naeslundii−+−+−w−w0003
    A. neuii subsp.anitratus−+−+−+−+0405
    A. neuii subsp.neuii−+−+−−−+0505
    A. odontolyticus++−+ww−+1102
    A. radicidentis−+−+−+−+0405
    A. radingae+++++++w5555
    A. turicensis++−−++−−5100
    A. urogenitalis−+++−+++0545
    A. viscosus−+−+−−−w0105
    A. bernardiae+++−−++−0550
    A. haemolyticum++++w+++0343
    A. pyogenes−+−+−+−+0000
    A. schalii−+−−−+−−0500
    • ↵a The results with major discrepancies are indicated in boldface. β-galactosidase substrates were ONPG for Rosco diagnostic tablets, β-d-galactopyranoside for the 4-MU-linked substrates, and 2-naphthyl-β-d-galactopyranoside for the API ZYM kit.

    • ↵b −, negative reaction; +, positive reaction; w, weak reaction.

    • ↵c Color intensities: 0, negative; 1 to 2, weakly positive; 3 to 5, positive.

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Phenotypic Identification of Actinomycesand Related Species Isolated from Human Sources
Nanna Sarkonen, Eija Könönen, Paula Summanen, Mauno Könönen, Hannele Jousimies-Somer
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2001, 39 (11) 3955-3961; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.11.3955-3961.2001

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Phenotypic Identification of Actinomycesand Related Species Isolated from Human Sources
Nanna Sarkonen, Eija Könönen, Paula Summanen, Mauno Könönen, Hannele Jousimies-Somer
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2001, 39 (11) 3955-3961; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.11.3955-3961.2001
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KEYWORDS

Actinomyces
Actinomycetales Infections
Bacterial Typing Techniques

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