Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Map of northern Italy showing the locations of the six hospitals from which the P. aeruginosa isolates investigated in this study were isolated. P.A.T., Pio Albergo Trivulzio Hospital; Nig., Niguarda Hospital; S.M., San Matteo Hospital. For each hospital, the total number of isolates and the number of PER-1-positive isolates are reported. The location of the hospital in Varese, from which PER-1-positive P. aeruginosa isolates were previously detected (12), is also shown (shaded in gray).
- FIG. 2.
PFGE profiles of genomic DNAs of PER-1-positive P. aeruginosa isolates after digestion with SpeI. The profile of isolate Pa6NI, which was identical to that of Pa34SM, and that of isolate Pa105TR, which was different from that of Pa144TR by three bands, are not shown. DNA size standards are reported on the left.
- FIG. 3.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of undigested genomic DNAs of the nine epidemiologically unrelated PER-1-positive P. aeruginosa isolates investigated in this study (top) and results of Southern blot analysis of the same samples with a blaPER-1 probe (bottom). DNA size standards are reported on the left.
- FIG. 4.
Results of Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs of the nine epidemiologically unrelated PER-1-positive P. aeruginosa isolates investigated in this study with a blaPER-1 probe after digestion with EcoRI (A) or EcoRV (B). DNA size standards are reported on the left.
- FIG. 5.
Structure of SmaI-EcoRI genomic fragment containing the blaPER-1 gene from P. aeruginosa Ps101PAT and comparison with the region containing blaPER-1 from P. aeruginosa RNL-1 (16) (EMBL/GenBank database entry Z21957) and the region containing blaPER-2 in plasmid pMVP-5 from S. enterica serovar Typhymurium JMC (1) (EMBL/GenBank database entry X93314). The sequence from Ps101PAT is shown in capital letters. The start and stop codons of the blaPER genes are underlined. The start codon of the open reading frame, encoding a transposase-like protein whose translation is shown below the nucleotide sequence, is also underlined. The other sequences are shown in lowercase letters, except when they are different from that of Ps101PAT; in the region upstream of the blaPER genes, “##” indicates that the sequence completely diverges beyond that point. A vertical arrow indicates the point of insertion of an extra 115-bp sequence in the region upstream of blaPER-2.
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Sources, antimicrobial susceptibilities, IEF profiles, and PFGE profiles of the nine epidemiologically unrelated PER-1-producing P. aeruginosa clinical isolates investigated in this study
Hospital Isolate Date Warda Specimenb type MIC of antibiotic (μg/ml)c pIS by IEFd PFGE pattern CZ FP AT PI PT IP ME CP GM TO NE AK San Matteo, Pavia Pa34SM November 1997 HAEM Cutaneous swab >32 >32 >32 32 32 >16 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 8.0 A Pa50SM March 1998 PAED-SU Urine >32 >32 >32 >128 >128 >16 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 32 5.3, 8.3 C Pa66SM April 1998 ICU Cutaneous swab >32 >32 >32 >128 >128 <4 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 8.0 D Treviglio Pa105TR September 1995 ICU BAW >32 >32 >32 64 16 ≤4 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 32 5.3, 8.0 F0 Pa144TR September 1998 ICU BAW >32 >32 >32 >128 16 >16 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 8.0 F1 Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan Ps101PAT August 1999 LCTF Urine >32 >32 >32 >128 >128 >16 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 6.9, 8.2 E Niguarda, Milan Pa6NI February 1999 BMT Pharyngeal swab >32 >32 >32 32 16 >16 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 8.0 A Pa40NI00 February 2000 HAEM Pharyngeal swab >32 >32 >32 16 ≤8 ≤4 >16 ≤1 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 8.4 B Sondalo Pa1309SO December 1999 NSU Sputum >32 >32 >32 32 16 >16 >16 >4 >16 >16 >32 >64 5.3, 8.0 G ↵a HAEM, hematology; PAED-SU, pediatric surgery; LCTF, long-term care facility; BMT, bone marrow transplantation unit; NSU, neurosurgery.
↵b BAW, bronchoalveolar washing.
↵c CZ, ceftazidime; FP, cefepime; AT, aztreonam; PI, piperacillin; PT, piperacillin-tazobactam (tazobactam at a fixed concentration of 4 μg/ml); IP, imipenem; ME, meropenem; CP, ciprofloxacin; GM, gentamicin; TO, tobramycin; NE, netilmicin; AK, amikacin.
↵d pls of β-lactamase activities in crude cell extracts, as detected by analytical IEF. In the bioassay, the pI 5.3 enzyme always exhibited activity against cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, and aztreonam; the pI 6.9 enzyme of isolate Ps101PAT exhibited activity against ceftazidime, cefepime, and aztreonam; and the pI 8.0 to 8.4 enzymes did not exhibit ESBL activity.
