Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About JCM
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About JCM
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
Bacteriology

Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacilli Causing Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients in the United States between 1993 and 2004

Shawn R. Lockhart, Murray A. Abramson, Susan E. Beekmann, Gale Gallagher, Stefan Riedel, Daniel J. Diekema, John P. Quinn, Gary V. Doern
Shawn R. Lockhart
1University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Iowa City, Iowa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: shawn-lockhart@uiowa.edu
Murray A. Abramson
2Merck and Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Upper Gwynedd, Pennsylvania
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Susan E. Beekmann
1University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Iowa City, Iowa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Gale Gallagher
2Merck and Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Upper Gwynedd, Pennsylvania
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Stefan Riedel
1University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Iowa City, Iowa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Daniel J. Diekema
1University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Iowa City, Iowa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
John P. Quinn
3Cook County Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Gary V. Doern
1University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Iowa City, Iowa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01284-07
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Data

Tables

  • TABLE 1.

    Isolates characterized between 1993 and 2004

    Organisms most frequently isolatedTotal no. isolated (n = 74,394)No. of isolates
    1993-19951996-19981999-20012002-2004
    Respiratory tractUrineBlood-stream infectionOther sourcescRespiratory tractUrineBlood-stream infectionOther sourcesRespiratory tractUrineBlood-stream infectionOther sourcesRespiratory tractUrineBlood-stream infectionOther sources
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16,4821,8873662664883,0945694587553,1445915287862,287387387489
    Escherichia coli 13,9618039464155959461,5606627929171,7999117416841,147546497
    Klebsiella pneumoniae 10,5719963543003501,5715064904861,5276126424811,121442407286
    Enterobacter cloacae 6,7797961392323041,1621252764061,017183350349783138282237
    Acinetobacter spp.a4,64254862128125927451931578585721215378657208126
    Serratia marcescens 4,112453607488910411691328446819216462154133109
    Enterobacter aerogenes 3,3075237786111726858214161485102112360586283
    Proteus mirabilis 3,0112721386813435426910219032624817317621614991105
    Klebsiella oxytoca 2,0182407244893167078902948210687234558873
    Citrobacter freundii 1,4831535948100212974711616397599883753244
    All other speciesb8,0289661821593201,6542502254351,423225284359931171193251
    • ↵ a Includes Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter spp. nosocomial (NOS), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter anitratus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Acinetobacter junii.

    • ↵ b Other species (number of isolates) include Achromobacter group VD (1), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (1), Actinobacillus ureae (1), Aeromonas caviae (2), Aeromonas hydrophila (79), Aeromonas schubertii (1), Aeromonas sobria (6), nosocomial (NOS) Aeromonas spp. (13), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (5), Alcaligenes denitrificans (1), Alcaligenes faecalis (27), Alcaligenes odorans (3), NOS Alcaligenes spp. (29), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (335), Bacteroides vulgatus (1), Bordetella bronchiseptica (10), Budvicia aquatica (1), Brevundimonas vesicularis (3), Burkholderia cepacia (195), Burkholderia gladioli (3), Burkholderia pickettii (1), NOS Burkholderia spp. (1), Campylobacter jejuni (1), NOS Capnocytophaga spp. (1), Cedecea davisae (5), NOS Cedecea spp. (3), Chromobacterium violaceum (3), Chryseobacterium gleum (4), Chryseobacterium indologenes (7), Chryseobacterium meningosepti (15), NOS Chryseobacterium spp. (5), Chryseomonas luteola (7), Citrobacter amalonaticus (96), Citrobacter braakii (34), Citrobacter farmeri (1), Citrobacter indologenes (2), Citrobacter koseri (734), NOS Citrobacter spp. (71), Citrobacter youngae (7), Citrobacter werkmanii (1), Comamonas acidovorans (13), NOS Comamonas spp. (3), Comamonas testosteroni (1), Edwardsiella tarda (3), Enterobacter amnigenus (23), Enterobacter asburiae (45), Enterobacter cancerogenus (33), Enterobacter gergoviae (32), Enterobacter hormachei (4), Enterobacter intermedius (12), Enterobacter sakazakii (65), NOS Enterobacter spp. (200), Escherichia fergusonii (11), Escherichia hermanii (7), NOS Escherichia spp. (2), Escherichia vulneris (3), Flavimonas oryzihabitans (14), Flavobacterium breve (3), Flavobacterium indologenes (18), Flavobacterium meningosepticum (33), Flavobacterium odoratum (6), NOS Flavobacterium spp. (23), NOS Fusobacterium spp. (1), Haemophilus influenzae (6), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1), NOS Haemophilus spp. (1), Hafnia alvei (102), Klebsiella ornithinolytica (27), NOS Klebsiella spp. (65), Klebsiella terrigena (2), Kluyvera ascorbate (8), NOS Kluyvera spp. (9), Leclercia adecarboxylata (6), NOS Leminorella spp. (1), Moraxella catarrhalis (14), Moraxella osloensis (1), Moraxella phenylpyruvica (1), NOS Moraxella spp. (5), Morganella morganii (744), Ochrobacterium anthropi (6), Pantoea agglomerans (133), NOS Pantoea spp. (2), Pasteurella multocida (12), NOS Pasteurella spp. (1), Plesiomonas shigelloides (4), Proteus penneri (30), NOS Proteus spp. (14), Proteus vulgaris (191), Providencia alcalifaciens (1), Providencia rettgeri (81), Providencia rustigianii (1), NOS Providencia spp. (3), Providencia stuartii (319), Pseudomonas alcaligenes (7), Pseudomonas fluorescens (181), Pseudomonas mendocina (8), Pseudomonas paucimobilis (4), Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes (1), Pseudomonas putida (48), NOS Pseudomonas spp. (81), Pseudomonas stutzeri (45), Rahnella aquatilis (3), Ralstonia pickettii (8), NOS Roseomonas spp. (1), Salmonella choleraesuis (3), Salmonella enteritidis (20), Salmonella hadar (1), Salmonella montevideo (1), NOS Salmonella spp. (46), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (6), Serratia ficaria (1), Serratia fonticola (23), Serratia liquefaciens (91), Serratia odorans (5), Serratia odorifera (20), Serratia plymuthica (14), Serratia rubidaea (18), NOS Serratia spp. (54), Shewanella putrefaciens (6), Shigella sonnei (4), NOS Shigella spp. (2), NOS Sphingobacterium spp. (1), Sphingomonas paucimobilis (4), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3,217), Vibrio fluvialis (1), Vibrio vulnificus (3), and Yersinia enterocolitica (4).

    • ↵ c Including abdomen, abscess, aorta, appendix, aspirate, bile, bone, bowel, biliary, colon, cerebral spinal fluid, drainage, eye, gastrointestinal, graft, gall bladder, kidney, liver, mandible, nasal cavities, mouth, pancreas, pelvis, perineum, peritoneum, pericardium, spleen, throat, unknown, and wound.

  • TABLE 2.

    Resistance rates for the 10 most frequently isolated GNB from 2002 to 2004a

    GNB and source% of isolates (%I/%R)
    Ampicillin-sulbactamCeftriaxoneCeftazidimeCefepimePiperacillinPiperacillin-tazobactamImipenemErtapenemAztreonamTobramycinAmikacinCiprofloxacin
    P. aeruginosa
        Respiratory tract34.9/48.66.5/4.614.6/13.0NA/15.9NA/13.73.5/14.915.7/18.51.8/13.56.9/3.55.7/27.4
        Urine35.4/48.14.1/3.116.0/12.9NA/11.8NA/14.03.1/13.417.1/17.32.1/17.87.8/4.72.1/41.9
        Bloodstream infection42.9/41.35.9/5.415.3/8.8NA/18.9NA/10.95.9/14.712.4/15.01.3/15.86.0/3.93.1/28.4
        All35.9/48.06.3/4.514.5/12.5NA/16.0NA/13.23.8/14.515.1/17.81.8/13.76.9/3.54.8/28.9
    E. coli
        Respiratory tract13.9/32.31.9/5.01.3/1.90.9/3.55.0/35.02.9/6.60/00.3/0.90.9/6.03.4/8.91.5/1.20.4/18.6
        Urine12.7/25.91.7/3.10.9/1.10.5/1.83.8/33.82.3/3.80.2/0.30.2/1.01.0/4.12.9/6.00.4/0.40.2/16.3
        Bloodstream infection14.1/35.42.8/2.90.9/1.80.4/1.85.6/41.94.0/3.90/00.6/0.61.8/3.53.5/7.10.7/1.30.2/16.3
        All13.5/30.02.1/4.61.2/1.60.5/2.54.3/36.32.8/4.80.1/0.20.4/0.91.2/4.63.3/7.10.7/0.90.2/17.3
    K. pneumoniae
        Respiratory tract8.2/22.94.8/11.70.7/4.12.1/8.119.9/24.94.3/11.80.7/0.70.2/3.51.1/15.72.2/15.25.4/3.41.6/16.8
        Urine8.6/21.34.3/10.41.4/2.91.6/6.616.2/31.85.0/7.50.5/0.20/2.01.1/13.12.3/13.63.4/2.31.1/16.1
        Bloodstream infection7.6/26.84.7/13.81.0/4.71.5/9.313.7/36.73.7/13.01.5/1.50.3/5.20.7/16.73.9/17.05.7/3.71.5/18.2
        All8.2/23.64.7/11.80.8/3.81.8/8.117.0/28.74.0/11.81.0/0.70.2/3.70.9/15.62.5/15.15.1/3.11.4/16.8
    E. cloacae
        Respiratory tract19.0/61.68.6/26.12.6/11.04.0/9.35.2/31.711.6/14.60.6/0.42.0/2.74.7/27.52.9/10.61.7/1.42.2/12.0
        Urine20.3/50.78.7/36.22.2/12.35.8/11.610.9/34.813.1/20.30/01.5/2.913.0/23.22.9/13.82.2/2.22.9/14.5
        Bloodstream infection16.7/62.410.3/30.13.6/13.52.8/16.06.9/46.013.1/17.70/03.6/0.75.0/33.72.5/13.11.8/2.11.4/12.1
        All18.5/62.58.9/28.72.7/11.74.0/10.86.1/35.112.6/16.20.4/0.32.3/2.35.0/30.13.1/11.11.6/1.51.7/12.4
    Acinetobacter spp.
        Respiratory tract7.6/31.616.4/53.27.4/13.413.7/46.611.4/50.416.9/35.86.4/4.822.8/60.64.6/28.55.2/21.91.4/61.5
        Urine10.5/29.817.5/68.410.5/22.817.5/54.411.1/66.726.3/33.31.8/8.814.0/75.43.5/36.85.3/31.60/74.5
        Bloodstream infection7.7/39.415.4/56.710.6/15.915.4/51.46.1/54.617.3/38.99.1/4.316.4/67.33.9/33.32.9/26.90.5/63.5
        All8.1/33.216.2/56.28.2/14.614.2/49.010.9/52.417.9/36.96.9/5.220.7/63.95.2/30.35.0/23.91.0/63.8
    S. marcescens
        Respiratory tract12.7/81.05.6/4.72.1/2.31.5/4.47.1/9.05.3/6.80.2/0.51.0/1.32.1/7.64.7/6.40.6/0.33.7/6.6
        Urine14.8/72.27.4/7.43.7/3.71.9/5.69.5/23.83.7/5.60/1.90/3.71.9/13.09.3/16.75.6/3.73.7/11.1
        Bloodstream infection18.8/76.76.0/2.32.3/02.3/2.32.5/15.06.0/9.00/1.50.8/03.0/7.56.8/9.81.5/2.33.8/1.5
        All14.0/79.65.7/4.52.2/1.91.4/4.06.6/10.95.5/7.20.1/0.70.8/1.32.5/17.85.8/7.11.1/0.83.7/6.1
    E. aerogenes
        Respiratory tract25.6/34.413.6/2.84.2/3.61.1/0.89.4/6.89.2/2.20.6/00.6/2.57.2/4.70.6/0.80.6/0.30.6/1.9
        Urine20.7/42.010.3/6.98.6/5.20/3.511.8/17.712.1/5.21.7/00/1.76.9/10.40/5.20/3.53.5/8.6
        Bloodstream infection19.4/48.425.8/1.611.3/4.80/021.1/15.817.7/3.20/00/012.9/8.11.6/00/01.6/4.8
        All22.9/38.915.6/4.35.9/4.61.2/1.511.3/10.811.4/3.41.1/00.4/2.88.4/7.10.7/1.81.2/0.51.1/3.5
    P. mirabilis
        Respiratory tract6.0/2.86.0/2.80.5/0.51.4/0.91.4/8.10.9/0.50.5/00/0.90/2.33.2/2.30.9/0.50.9/13.4
        Urine7.4/8.70/0.78.6/5.21.3/1.35.0/15.00/1.50/00/0.70/2.74.0/3.40.7/03.4/19.5
        Bloodstream infection6.7/7.71.1/00/1.10/2.20/14.71.1/1.11.1/00/1.10/1.13.3/4.40/03.3/12.1
        All7.5/5.31.2/0.40.5/0.50.9/1.42.1/10.50.7/0.70.7/00/0.70/2.13.0/3.60.5/0.22.1/15.0
    K. oxytoca
        Respiratory tract22.2/12.43.9/4.31.3/0.41.3/2.141.2/24.73.4/6.40/00/1.30.4/7.71.3/4.70/0.40.4/3.9
        Urine21.8/29.15.5/14.61.8/3.61.8/5.520.0/40.00/18.20/00/01.8/23.65.5/12.70/01.8/10.9
        Bloodstream infection19.3/25.06.8/8.00/1.11.1/010.0/40.04.6/10.20/00/1.12.3/13.65.7/6.82.3/02.3/4.6
        All19.8/17.64.9/6.00.9/1.11.1/2.032.9/27.03.3/8.70/00/1.10.9/11.32.9/6.00.4/0.40.9/6.0
    C. freundii
        Respiratory tract10.8/57.820.5/30.11.2/14.52.4/6.06.7/36.721.7/16.90/01.2/3.69.6/36.11.2/27.74.8/9.67.2/24.21
        Urine13.3/48.014.7/28.06.7/6.74.0/12.04.6/22.714.7/13.30/00/4.05.3/32.01.3/21.34.0/4.01.3/20.0
        Bloodstream infection12.5/43.812.5/15.63.1/15.60/07.7/46.29.4/9.40/00/3.19.4/28.16.3/28.13.1/03.1/18.8
        All12.8/53.418.8/25.23.9/15.02.6/6.810.5/37.215.4/13.70/00.4/3.99.0/31.63.9/23.14.7/5.14.7/21.4
    • a I, intermediate; R, resistant. NA, not available.

  • TABLE 3.

    Trends in antimicrobial resistance among various GNB between 1993 and 2004a

    OrganismAntimicrobial% of isolates (%I/%R)Trendb
    1993-19951996-19981999-20012002-2004
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ceftazidime5.6/9.95.6/125.2/14.26.3/4.5↓
    Imipenem4.5/10.63.5/11.13.6/13.73.8/14.5↑
    Tobramycin0.9/7.81.5/9.60.4/13.31.8/13.7↑
    Ciprofloxacin5.6/11.25.7/17.65.4/25.14.8/28.9↑
    Escherichia coli Ampicillin-sulbactam10/22.910.8/26.410.3/28.613.5/30↑
    Ceftriaxone0.8/11.3/2.31.6/2.72.1/4.6↑
    Tobramycin0.9/1.50.1/2.91/4.63.3/7.1↑
    Ciprofloxacin0.2/0.90.4/3.90.4/8.30.2/17.3↑
    Klebsiella pneumoniae Ceftazidime0.6/12.71.4/13.51/10.80.8/3.8↓
    Piperacillin27.4/38.322.3/36.922.1/37.417/28.7↓
    Ciprofloxacin3.1/7.93.4/9.71.8/10.51.4/16.8↑
    Enterobacter cloacae Ceftazidime3.9/364.2/33.83.6/30.42.7/11.7↓
    Ciprofloxacin2.5/52.9/7.62.1/10.91.7/12.4↑
    Acinetobacter spp.aAmpicillin-sulbactam6/18.29.3/227.5/25.58.1/33.2↑
    Ceftriaxone25/30.121.3/4316.3/51.716.2/56.2↑
    Ceftazidime10.1/23.98.7/36.88/45.28.2/14.6↓
    Cefepime13.7/31.615.5/37.714.2/49↑
    Piperacillin18.9/31.416.4/40.314.8/49.110.9/52.4↑
    Piperacillin-tazobactam22.4/18.420.1/26.717.9/36.9↑
    Imipenem2.1/24.4/2.16.6/5.66.9/5.2↑
    Tobramycin7.8/137/24.55.8/30.45.2/30.3↑
    Amikacin3.7/5.73.9/13.44.1/19.25/23.9↑
    Ciprofloxacin2.6/35.93/49.41.9/57.11/63.8↑
    Serratia marcescens Ceftazidime1.8/8.43.5/11.62.5/10.72.2/1.9↓
    Imipenem2.8/3.61.5/1.80.7/1.30.1/0.7↓
    Enterobacter aerogenes Ceftazidime6.3/23.83/24.73.5/22.75.9/4.6↓
    Piperacillin12.5/2215.8/17.111.5/19.511.3/10.8↓
    Proteus mirabilis Imipenem7.7/3.42.8/1.21.1/1.20.7/0↓
    Ciprofloxacin0.3/3.32.1/7.80.1/13.12.1/15↑
    Klebsiella oxytoca Cefepime0.9/3.41.9/5.11.1/2↓
    Citrobacter freundii Ceftazidime1.9/43.61.5/473.1/38.93.9/15↓
    Ertapenem1.4/1.70.4/3.9↑
    Tobramycin2.2/10.85.3/12.73.4/12.73.9/23.1↑
    Ciprofloxacin2.8/9.24.7/14.43.4/14.94.7/21.4↑
    • ↵ a I, intermediate; R, resistant.

    • ↵ b Increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in resistance in the 12-year study period.

  • TABLE 4.

    Longitudinal increase in multidrug resistance

    Organism19932004
    No. of MDR isolates/total no. of isolatesa% of MDR isolatesNo. of MDR isolates/total no. of isolates% of MDR isolates
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa 13/7691.793/1,0049.3
    Escherichia coli 0/724016/8082.0
    Klebsiella pneumoniae 26/5135.184/63313.3
    Enterobacter cloacae 13/3973.324/4065.9
    Acinetobacter spp.19/2856.7101/33829.9
    Enterobacter aerogenes 6/2132.80/1540
    Proteus mirabilis 1/1740.61/1420.7
    Citrobacter freundii 5/955.37/6311.1
    • ↵ a Multidrug resistances is defined here as being resistant to one or more extended-generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefotaxime), one or more aminoglycosides (amikacin or tobramycin), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. MDR, multidrug resistant.

  • TABLE 5.

    Fluoroquinolones usage levels between 1999 and 2004 and antimicrobial resistance among GNB between 1999 and 2004a

    OrganismR2 values for fluoroquinolone resistance compared to that of antimicrobials shown
    J01MLevofloxacinCiprofloxacinGatifloxacinMoxifloxacin
    P. aeruginosa 0.73520.66240.18060.64730.1588
    E. coli 0.75520.72620.58460.50990.6468
    K. pneumoniae 0.55440.61930.61350.18160.07451
    E. cloacae 0.50480.58520.09680.22240.0173
    Acinetobacter spp.0.58440.67240.66020.19760.6711
    S. marcescens 0.17580.12120.43360.20230.566
    E. aerogenes 0.0914−0.0338−0.14010.3243−0.1359
    P. mirabilis 0.05560.14840.0879−0.18760.2782
    K. oxytoca −0.0721−0.1682−0.03070.04150.2849
    C. freundii 0.44620.24550.14630.65280.3016
    • ↵ a Adjusted linear regression values comparing antimicrobial usage levels of fluoroquinolones in the United States between 1999 and 2004 and rates of antimicrobial resistance among GNB between 1999 and 2004. J01M, antimicrobial class of fluoroquinolones.

PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacilli Causing Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients in the United States between 1993 and 2004
Shawn R. Lockhart, Murray A. Abramson, Susan E. Beekmann, Gale Gallagher, Stefan Riedel, Daniel J. Diekema, John P. Quinn, Gary V. Doern
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2007, 45 (10) 3352-3359; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01284-07

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this Journal of Clinical Microbiology article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacilli Causing Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients in the United States between 1993 and 2004
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Journal of Clinical Microbiology
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacilli Causing Infections in Intensive Care Unit Patients in the United States between 1993 and 2004
Shawn R. Lockhart, Murray A. Abramson, Susan E. Beekmann, Gale Gallagher, Stefan Riedel, Daniel J. Diekema, John P. Quinn, Gary V. Doern
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2007, 45 (10) 3352-3359; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01284-07
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

Cross Infection
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Intensive Care Units

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About JCM
  • Editor in Chief
  • Board of Editors
  • Editor Conflicts of Interest
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Article Types
  • Resources for Clinical Microbiologists
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #JClinMicro

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

 

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

Print ISSN: 0095-1137; Online ISSN: 1098-660X