ABSTRACT
An unusual Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype was found in seven guinea pigs and a 2-year-old child in the same household. The genetic uniqueness of the parasite, its wide occurrence in other guinea pigs in the community, and its absence in other children in the community suggest the possibility of zoonotic transmission of the infection to the study child.
Microsporidia are intracellular organisms that infect humans and animals and are now considered to be fungi (14). Of the 14 microsporidian species pathogenic to humans, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common (3). Initially described in 1985 as a significant pathogen in AIDS patients (4), E. bieneusi also affects other immunocompromised populations (9), as well as travelers, children, and the elderly throughout the world (1, 13, 20, 24). While immunocompetent persons often have mild or self-limiting disease, AIDS patients experience chronic diarrhea with accompanying weight loss and increased mortality (22). Antiretroviral treatment is highly effective in reducing the incidence of microsporidiosis in AIDS patients (15). However, few in the developing world have access to this treatment (8). As no antiparasitic therapy has been approved for E. bieneusi infection, understanding the mechanisms of transmission of E. bieneusi is crucial for preventing infections (6, 7, 16).
The zoonotic potential of microsporidia was first suggested in 1995 when Encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits or dogs was reported to be potentially infectious to humans (5). Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been reported to occur in several species of domestic and wild animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, and cattle (3). Recent surveys found that pigs and park pigeons had genotypes of E. bieneusi that were potentially infectious to humans (2, 10). Cattle in the United States and other countries were primarily infected with host-specific E. bieneusi but also carried some genotypes previously found in humans, and thus the infection was potentially zoonotic (17, 19). In total, six genotypes of E. bieneusi have been independently found in both animals and humans (12, 18), and all are genetically related to a group of genotypes considered to have broad host specificity (Fig. 1).
Phylogenetic relationships between E. bieneusi genotype Peru 16 and other genotypes previously described for humans and animals. Percentage bootstrap values (>50%) from 1,000 replicates are shown to the left of the nodes.
We report here the finding in a child of a very unusual E. bieneusi genotype which seems to be a unique parasite of guinea pig origin. This finding was from a prospective pediatric-cohort study of enteric parasites conducted in Pampas de San Juan, Peru, from March 2002 to March 2006. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Johns Hopkins University, and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. As part of the study procedures, we collected weekly stool specimens from 388 children for microscopic detection of gastrointestinal parasites, daily data on clinical manifestations, and monthly anthropometric measurements. Microsporidian spores were microscopically detected using the Weber-modified trichrome stain (23). Positive specimens were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate for genotyping.
Microsporidiosis in a child and household guinea pigs.
In June 2005, we identified by microscopy microsporidian spores in the stool of a 25-month-old male participant. Follow-up stool specimens were collected to confirm the infection. The child was positive for microsporidia over a 10-day period and was then negative for microsporidia for the next 32 weeks in the study. No other gastrointestinal parasites were detected in the two previous months or during the infection episode. Contacts between children and their household animals are very frequent in this community, which prompted us to analyze stool specimens of all animals in the household: eight guinea pigs, five chickens, two dogs, and two cats. Seven of the eight guinea pigs, all asymptomatic, had microsporidian spores in their feces, whereas the other animals were negative for microsporidia.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotyping.
The microsporidium-positive stool specimens were genotyped using sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene of E. bieneusi, the only microsporidian species previously found in this study area (V. Cama, R. H. Gilman, Y. R. Ortega, L. Cabrera, I. M. Sulaiman, C. Bern, A. Lal, and L. Xiao, presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Denver, CO, 10 to 14 November 2002). Briefly, DNA was extracted, the rRNA gene containing the ITS was amplified by PCR (19), and the three independently amplified products were sequenced in both directions for each positive specimen. Sequences were aligned using ClustalX (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/ ) and analyzed for phylogenetic relationships using the neighbor-joining method with TreeConW software (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/software ) based on the genetic distances calculated with the Kimura two-parameter model.
Shared unique E. bieneusi genotype in the child and guinea pigs.
All microscopy-positive specimens from the study child and guinea pigs in the household were positive for E. bieneusi by nested PCR. The sequence analysis revealed that the study child and all guinea pigs had the same genotype (GenBank accession number EF014427), which was named Peru 16. This genotype was genetically very different from other known E. bieneusi genotypes in humans and was placed outside the cluster of genotypes considered to have broad host specificity in a phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences. Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection was identified in over 30 children in other households during the study period. They had infections of genotypes Peru 1 through 15 and Peru 17, which belong within the cluster containing all known human-pathogenic E. bieneusi genotypes (Fig. 1).
Occurrence of the unique E. bieneusi genotype in guinea pigs in other households.
To assess whether guinea pigs were the natural hosts of Peru 16, we examined stools from an additional 59 guinea pigs in 20 households whose participants were microsporidium negative. Three guinea pigs from two unrelated households in the study carried this unusual genotype, suggesting that guinea pigs were the natural hosts of Peru 16.
Clinical manifestations of the E. bieneusi infection.
The study child participated in the study for 76 weeks. During that period, the child had a total of three episodes of diarrhea (three or more liquid or semiliquid stools per day) at ages 17 months (3 days), 23 months (1 day), and on the first day of this infection episode. He had an average weight-for-height Z score (number of standard deviations from the mean) of −0.29 at the onset of symptoms, which was comparable to the nutritional status of other 24-month-old children in the study (n = 260; mean Z score of −0.13). However, this child suffered weight loss around the time of the symptomatic infection episode, followed by a decline in Z scores in the months following infection (Z scores of −1.04, −1.33, and −1.11 for May, June, and July 2005, respectively). This drop started almost concurrently with the onset of symptoms and the episode of diarrhea at the beginning of this infection episode. Follow-up measurements indicated no further declines in Z scores at 6, 7, and 8 months postinfection (Z scores of −0.83, −1.28, and −1.36, respectively), the time at which the child withdrew from the study. No catch-up growth was observed. This finding is in contrast to previous reports, where no associations were found between being underweight and E. bieneusi infections (11, 21). Alternatively, this infection with Peru 16 and weight loss could have been indicators of other underlying conditions.
Zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi.
The uniqueness of Peru 16 (its location in a clade independent of other E. bieneusi genotypes previously reported to occur in humans), the finding of this genotype in guinea pigs from unrelated households, and the close contacts between the study child and infected guinea pigs all strongly suggest that the child probably acquired the infection from the guinea pigs in the household. This finding indicates that even some E. bieneusi genotypes that are seemingly unique in some animals have zoonotic potential. Because the child showed no evidence of immunosuppression during the longitudinal follow-up and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus is low in the community (25), the finding of diarrhea in the child at the time of symptomatic infection suggests that E. bieneusi may cause short-lived gastrointestinal manifestations in immunocompetent persons. Because this infection episode was short and self-limiting, it is likely that E. bieneusi infections are underreported in the general population.
While this study shows that the guinea pig is likely the natural host for E. bieneusi genotype Peru 16, more studies are needed to determine whether the previously reported human infections with genotypes C and Q, which are also genetically unique, were due to zoonotic transmission, whether other animal species are capable of transmission to humans, and what specific risk factors favor zoonotic transmission.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by grants 5P01 AI051976 and R21 AI 059661 from NIH-NIAID and by grant 2001-51110-11340 from USDA-CSREES.
The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
FOOTNOTES
- Received 3 April 2007.
- Returned for modification 10 May 2007.
- Accepted 18 May 2007.
- Copyright © 2007 American Society for Microbiology
REFERENCES
- Top
- Article
- ABSTRACT
- Microsporidiosis in a child and household guinea pigs.
- Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotyping.
- Shared unique E. bieneusi genotype in the child and guinea pigs.
- Occurrence of the unique E. bieneusi genotype in guinea pigs in other households.
- Clinical manifestations of the E. bieneusi infection.
- Zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi.
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- FOOTNOTES
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