Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Distribution of the patients in a nationwide surveillance system.
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Prevalences of enterovirus genotypes identified in patients with hand-foot-mouth disease or herpangina in South Korea
Serotypea No. (%) of cases 2008 2009 CA2 0 13 (7.9) CA3 2 (3.8) 0 CA4 4 (7.5) 0 CA5 0 17 (10.3) CA6 0 14 (8.5) CA10 18 (34.0) 0 CA12 0 2 (1.2) CA16 2 (3.8) 15 (9.1) CB1 4 (7.5) 4 (2.4) CB3 4 (7.5) 0 E3 0 4 (2.4) E6 6 (11.3) 1 (0.6) E9 0 2 (1.2) E11 0 4 (2.4) E14 1 (1.9) 0 E30 12 (22.6) 1 (0.6) E33 0 1 (0.6) EV71 0 91 (55.2) Total 53 165 ↵ a CA, coxsackie virus A; CB, coxsackie virus B; E, echovirus; EV, enterovirus.
- TABLE 2.
Demographic and clinical comparisons of patients suspected of enterovirus infection between 2008 and 2009
Characteristica Value P 2008 (n = 200) 2009 (n = 519) Age (mo) (mean ± SD)† 35.0 ± 46.5 41.9 ± 73.5 0.22 Male gender 113 (56.5) 304 (58.6) 0.61 Time interval (days) (mean ± SD)† 2.6 ± 1.8 2.7 ± 4.5 0.82 Clinical category HFMD 42 (21.0) 371 (71.5) <0.01 Herpangina 162 (81.0) 157 (30.3) <0.01 Meningoencephalitis 8 (4.0%) 79 (15.2) <0.01 Presenting symptoms Fever (>37°C) 37 (18.5) 203 (39.1) <0.01 Headache 11 (5.5) 53 (10.2) 0.04 Vomiting 32 (16.0) 39 (7.5) <0.01 Neck stiffness* 4 (2.0) 12 (2.3) 0.80 Sore throat 59 (29.5) 70 (13.5) <0.01 Abdominal pain* 3 (1.5) 10 (1.9) 0.70 Diarrhea 9 (4.5) 15 (2.9) 0.28 Decreased mental status* 1 (0.5) 12 (2.3) 0.08 Seizure 6 (3.0) 14 (2.7) 0.83 Sample type Stool 94 (47.0) 239 (46.1) 0.82 Respiratory 122 (61.0) 330 (63.6) 0.52 CSF 1 (0.5) 61 (11.8) <0.01 ↵ a Except where otherwise indicated, values are the number (percentage) of patients with the characteristic. Symbols indicate that either the Fisher exact test (*) or the Student t test (†) was used to determine significance.
- TABLE 3.
Clinical characteristics of patients suspected of enterovirus infection according to the presence of the enterovirus genome by real-time RT-PCR
Characteristica Value for patients: P Negative by PCR (n = 272) Positive by PCR (n = 447) Age (mo) (mean ± SD)† 48.8 ± 93.3 34.5 ± 35.9 0.06 Male gender 152 (55.9) 265 (59.3) 0.37 Time interval (days) (mean ± SD)† 2.7 ± 4.5 2.6 ± 3.8 0.71 Clinical category HFMD 152 (55.9) 261 (58.4) 0.51 Herpangina 125 (46.0) 194 (43.4) 0.50 Meningoencephalitis 11 (4.0) 67 (15.0) <0.01 Presenting symptoms Fever (>37°C) 93 (35.7) 143 (32.0) 0.31 Headache 20 (7.4) 44 (9.8) 0.26 Vomiting 23 (8.5) 48 (10.7) 0.32 Neck stiffness* 3 (1.1) 13 (2.9) 0.05 Sore throat 47 (17.3) 82 (18.3) 0.72 Abdominal pain* 6 (2.2) 7 (1.6) 0.53 Diarrhea 13 (4.8) 11 (2.5) 0.09 Decreased mental status* 1 (0.4) 12 (2.7) 0.02 Seizure 7 (2.6) 13 (2.9) 0.79 ↵ a Except where otherwise indicated, values are the number (percentage) of patients with the characteristic. Symbols indicate that either the Fisher exact test (*) or the Student t test (†) was used to determine significance.
- TABLE 4.
Clinical characteristics of 218 patients according to EV 71 or non-EV 71 genotype
Characteristica Value for patients with the following genotype: P Non-EV 71 (n = 127) EV 71 (n = 91) Age (mo) (mean ± SD)† 44.0 ± 42.3 29.9 ± 27.9 <0.01 Male gender 68 (53.5) 54 (59.3) 0.40 Time interval (days) (mean ± SD)† 2.9 ± 1.7 3.1 ± 4.0 0.57 Clinical category HFMD 55 (43.3) 87 (95.6) <0.01 Herpangina 74 (58.3) 7 (7.7) <0.01 Meningoencephalitis 6 (4.7) 35 (38.5) <0.01 Presenting symptoms Fever (>37°C) 20 (15.7) 33 (36.3) <0.01 Headache* 5 (3.9) 16 (17.6) <0.01 Vomiting 13 (10.2) 13 (14.3) 0.36 Neck stiffness* 1 (0.8) 6 (6.6) 0.02 Sore throat* 23 (18.1) 4 (4.4) <0.01 Diarrhea 5 (3.9) 0 (0) 0.07 Decreased mental status* 0 (0) 3 (3.3) 0.07 Sample type Stool 68 (53.5) 55 (60.4) 0.31 Respiratory 80 (63.0) 62 (28.1) 0.43 CSF* 3 (2.4) 15 (16.5) <0.01 ↵ a Except where otherwise indicated, values are the number (percentage) of patients with the characteristic. Symbols indicate that either the Fisher exact test (*) or the Student t test (†) was used to determine significance.
- TABLE 5.
Univariate and multivariable analyses of predictors for EV 71 infection
Predictor Univariate analysis Multivariate analysisa Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P Adjusted OR (95% CI) P Age, per yr 0.98 (0.97-1.00) 0.006 NA Presenting with HFMD 28.47 (9.85-82.34) <0.001 31.86 (10.04-101.09) <0.001 Presenting with herpangina 0.06 (0.03-0.14) <0.001 NA Fever (>37°C) 3.04 (1.60-5.78) 0.001 4.76 (1.71-13.25) 0.003 Headache 5.21 (1.83-14.79) 0.002 6.51 (0.77-55.13) 0.086 Neck stiffness 8.89 (1.05-72.20) 0.045 NA Sore throat 0.21 (0.07-0.62) 0.005 0.18 (0.04-0.77) 0.020 ↵ a Stepwise backward regression. The variables entered were presenting with HFMD, presenting with herpangina, fever, headache, neck stiffness, and sore throat. NA, not available.
