ABSTRACT
An improved multiplex PCR, using redesigned primers targeting the serovar 3 capsule locus, which differentiates serovars 3, 6, and 8 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates, is described. The new primers eliminate an aberrant serovar 3-indicative amplicon found in some serovar 6 clinical isolates. Furthermore, we have developed a new multiplex PCR for the detection of serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12 along with apxIV, thus extending the utility of this diagnostic PCR to cover a broader range of isolates.
INTRODUCTION
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to respiratory disease in pigs and is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide (1). There are 15 serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae (2), based on the presence of surface carbohydrates, principally capsules, with their prevalence varying between geographic regions. For example, serovars 1 and 5 are common in North and South America, and serovar 2 is common in Europe (reviewed in reference 3; see references therein), whereas these serovars are absent or rare in the United Kingdom (4). Differences in virulence and immunogenicity have been reported for different serovars (5), though within serovars, isolates tend to be clonal (6, 7). Accurate serotyping is essential for informed diagnosis, epidemiological investigation of outbreaks, and detection of the emergence of serovars previously not found, or rare, within a geographical region. The serovar of an isolate is classically determined using antibody-based tests (3). However, cross-reactivity is a major limitation and has been reported between serovars 1 and 9 (8), serovars 4 and 7 (9), and serovars 3, 6, and 8 (reviewed in reference 10). Thus, multiplex PCRs based on capsule loci have been developed, including those for serovars 2, 5, and 6 (11), 1, 2, and 8 (12), and 1, 7, and 12 (13). We have additionally devised a multiplex PCR that determines whether an isolate is serovar 3, 6, or 8 (10). The latter multiplex PCR amplifies a fragment of the A. pleuropneumoniae-specific apxIV gene and serovar 3-, 6-, and 8-specific sequences derived from the capsule loci. In recent years, we have observed in our collection (and others have reported [14]) a double- banding pattern in some isolates, so that it is not possible to distinguish between serovars 3 and 6. In this study, we (i) discerned the genetic reason for the aberrant serovar 3/6 double-banding pattern, (ii) developed a new serovar 3-6-8 PCR with modified serovar 3 primers that eliminate the aberrant pattern, and (iii) extended that PCR to include a further six serovars commonly found throughout the world. This includes the detection of serovar 10, for which a capsule locus-based PCR has not been described previously.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bacterial strains.In this study, we used 15 reference A. pleuropneumoniae strains (see reference 10 for details), as well as a collection of 334 A. pleuropneumoniae clinical isolates from Denmark (n = 166), the United Kingdom (n = 154) (including 9 serovar 6 isolates that previously tested positive for serovars 3 and 6), Cyprus (n = 6), Switzerland (n = 6), and China (n = 2). All the isolates were previously typed serologically and/or by capsule-specific PCR. In addition, 31 strains of other porcine-associated bacterial species were tested as negative controls These included Actinobacillus suis (n = 5), Actinobacillus minor (n = 3), Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum (n = 3), Actinobacillus porcinus (n = 3), Actinobacillus indolicus (n = 3), Haemophilus parasuis (n = 5), Pasteurella multocida (n = 3), Bordetella bronchiseptica (n = 2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (n = 3), and Streptococcus suis P1/7 (n = 1).
Capsule regions of MIDG2472 and 405.In this study, we have generated shotgun genome sequence data for the A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 6 United Kingdom clinical isolate MIDG2472, which shows the double-banding pattern using the 3-6-8 multiplex PCR previously described (10), and for the serovar 8 reference strain, 405. A shotgun genome sequence was generated from genomic DNA prepared using the Blood and Tissue DNeasy kit (Qiagen) per the manufacturer's instructions. Libraries were prepared from 5 μg genomic DNA by standard protocols (15, 16) and paired-end sequencing was performed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Cambridge) on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 analyzer for 75 cycles. Draft genome sequences were assembled using VelvetOptimiser 2.2.0 (17) and capsule loci were identified using BLAST searches (18). The complete capsule loci for the other serovar strains (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, and 12) were identified from the available whole-genome sequences (19–21).
Multiplex PCRs.The primers used in this study are detailed in Table 1. The binding sites for the serovar 3, 6, and 8 primers in the respective capsule loci are shown in Fig. 1. Our original multiplex PCR for serovars 3, 6, and 8 was carried out as previously described (10). For the new multiplex PCR, the Qiagen Multiplex PCR Plus kit was used according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen). Each reaction mixture contained 25 μl multiplex PCR master, 5 μl CoralLoad dye, 5 μl genomic DNA, 10 pairs of primers (each 10 pmol), and 13 μl water to a final volume of 50 μl. Genomic DNA extracted using the DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen) or present in boiled bacterial lysates prepared as described by Jessing et al. (11) was used as the DNA template for PCR amplification. Targeted gene amplification was initiated at 95°C for 5 min to activate the HotStar Taq plus DNA polymerase, followed by 25 cycles of 3-step cycling of denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 61°C for 90 s, extension at 72°C for 2 min, and a final extension at 68°C for 15 min. PCR products were separated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, stained with ethidium bromide, and analyzed using a Gel Doc EI imager (Bio-Rad).
Primers used in this study
Location of primers within capsule loci of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar (Sero) 3, 6, and 8 strains. See Table 1 for oligonucleotide sequences of primers.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first aim of this study was to determine the reason for the amplification of bands indicating serovars 3 and 6 in some serovar 6 clinical isolates. In our original multiplex PCR, the serovar 6-specific primers (AP6F and AP6R) were derived from a previously published PCR (11, 12). Their binding sites in the serovar 6 capsular locus are shown in Fig. 1. The serovar 3 primers (AP3NF and AP3NR) were designed to amplify a 921-bp fragment from cps3A (APJL_1614) to cpxD (APJL_1615), and the serovar 8 primers (AP8NF and AP8NR) were designed to amplify a 1,106-bp fragment from cps8A to cps8B, as indicated in Fig. 1 for the serovar 3 and serovar 8 capsule loci. Our original serovar 3 primers (AP3NF and AP3NR) were based on a DNA sequence that we obtained from a chromosome-walking strategy using serovar 3 reference strain S1421 prior to the availability of the serovar 3 JL03 whole-genome sequence (10, 22). AP3NF and AP3NR amplify a 921-bp PCR product in S1421 (serovar 3) but not the serovar 6 Femo reference strain (Fig. 2A, lanes 1 and 2), whereas MIDG2472 amplifies this 921-bp band as well as the serovar 6-indicative 718-bp product (Fig. 2A, lane 3). DNA sequence analysis of the capsule locus of MIDG2472 and Femo provides an explanation for the aberrant double-banding pattern. In MIDG2472, in addition to the serovar 6-specific region amplified by AP6F and AP6R, there are perfect binding sites for AP3NF and AP3NR (Fig. 1 and 3). In Femo, there is a binding site for AP3NR, but that for AP3NF is partially redundant (Fig. 3), such that, under the PCR conditions used, no amplification occurs. In strain 405 (serovar 8), the AP3NR binding sequence is partially redundant (Fig. 3), such that amplification with AP3NF does not occur. Thus, in Femo, only a 718-bp serovar 6-specific amplicon is present, while in MIDG2472 there is an additional 921-bp amplicon resulting from binding of the serovar 3 primer pair. In summary, the aberrant serovar 3/6 banding pattern results from the lack of specificity of the serovar 3 primers AP3NF and AP3NR in some serovar 6 isolates, such as MIDG2472. The two Japanese isolates with aberrant banding patterns were also found to have perfect priming sites for AP3NF and AP3NR (14). Thus, to eliminate the aberrant 3/6 banding pattern, we have reformulated our original 3-6-8 PCR by replacement of the serovar 3 primers. All other primers and PCR conditions were otherwise as described originally (10). The new serovar 3 PCR primers AP3DF and AP3DR are designed to amplify a 520-bp fragment of the serovar 3-specific APJL_1611 (cpsD) gene (Fig. 1). A comparison of old and new PCRs with the serovar 3, 6, and 8 reference strains and serovar 6 “aberrant” strain (MIDG2472) is shown in Fig. 2. The new PCR (Fig. 2B) eliminates the aberrant banding, there being amplicons at 520 bp, 718 bp, and 1,106 bp specific for serovar 3, 6, and 8 strains/isolates, respectively. For the unequivocal differentiation of serovar 3, 6, and 8 A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, we recommend that investigators use the modified PCR described in this study.
Comparison of original (10) and new (this study) multiplex PCRs for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 3, 6, and 8. (A) Original multiplex PCR for amplification of apxIV (418 bp), serotype 3 (921 bp), serotype 6 (718 bp), and serotype 8 (1,106 bp) amplicons. (B) New multiplex PCR for amplification of apxIV (418 bp), serotype 3 (520 bp), serotype 6 (718 bp), and serotype 8 (1,106 bp) amplicons. Lane M, 100-bp ladder; lanes 1, serovar 3, S1421; lanes 2, serovar 6, Femo; lanes 3, serovar 6, MIDG2472; lanes 4, serovar 8, 405.
Alignment of the binding sites for primers AP3NF and AP3NR within the capsule loci of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar (Sero) 3, 6, and 8 strains. There are perfect binding sites for the AP3NF primer in the cpxD gene in strains JL03, MIDG2472, and 405. In strain Femo, the cpxD sequence differs slightly at the target site, such that the primer AP3NF does not bind. There are perfect binding sites for AP3NR in the cpsA gene in strains JL03, Femo, and MIDG2472. In strain 405, the cpsA sequence differs slightly at the target site, such that the primer AP3NR does not bind.
Next, the utility of the new serovar 3-6-8 PCR was extended to include serovars 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 12, which are more prevalent in some countries, but which are either absent (as is the case for serovars 1 and 5) or are comparatively rare in the United Kingdom. Serovar-specific sequences were derived from whole-genome sequences: GenBank accession numbers ADOD00000000 (4074, serovar 1), ADOE00000000 (S1536, serovar 2), CP000687 (JL03, serovar 3), ADOF00000000 (M62 serovar 4), CP000569 (L20, serovar 5), ADOG00000000 (Femo, serovar 6), CP001091 (AP76, serovar 7), ADOI00000000 (CVJ13261, serovar 9), ADOJ00000000 (D13039, serovar 10), ADOK00000000 (56153, serovar 11), ADOL00000000 (1096, serovar 12), and ADOM00000000 (N273, serovar 13). The details of the primer pairs that were derived for use in the 9-serovar multiplex PCR are provided in Table 1. The 9-serovar multiplex PCR was initially tested against the A. pleuropneumoniae reference strains (Fig. 4). As expected, all of the reference strains had an apxIV amplicon of 418 bp, as reported previously (10), and appropriate serotype-specific amplicons of predicted sizes were detected for the reference strains of serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12. Subsequently, the PCR was evaluated using clinical A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, as well as other actinobacilli, other Pasteurellaceae, and other major pathogens of pigs. Additionally, virtual PCRs were carried out on available genomes of the species investigated, where available. A breakdown of the PCR results for clinical A. pleuropneumoniae isolates is shown in Table 2. Serovar designation of isolates had been carried out either by PCR, as described previously, or by antibody-based serotyping. All of the 334 clinical A. pleuropneumoniae strains tested amplified the predicted serovar amplicons. Five strains were positive for the serovar 1 amplicon but did not amplify the 418-bp apxIV band. These strains were subsequently tested for apxIV using the primers oAPXIVA-TSP1 and oAPXIVA-TSP2 (23), and each strain produced a 423-bp band indicating that apxIV is present (with no ISApl1 insertion). We recommend that where an isolate is strongly suspected to be A. pleuropneumoniae and there is a lack of either apxIV or a serovar-specific amplicon in our 9-serovar PCR, researchers retest the isolate with alternate A. pleuropneumoniae-specific primers such as those indicated above. If the isolate is confirmed as A. pleuropneumoniae, it is likely that its serovar is not covered by our multiplex PCR. While other multiplex PCRs have been reported for all but serovar 10, these have typically involved coverage of three serovars (see references 11–13). None have been described that include serovar 10 as described here. Serovar 10 isolates have been reported in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Spain (3), and the United Kingdom (4), although not as one of the prevalent serovars.
Multiplex PCR for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12 and apxIV. An apxIV (418 bp) amplicon is detected in all 15 serovars, while serovar-specific amplicons are detected for serovar 1 (959 bp), serovar 2 (247 bp), serovar 3 (520 bp), serovar 5 (825 bp), serovar 6 (718 bp), serovar 7 (600 bp), serovar 8 (1,106 bp), serovar 10 (183 bp), and serovar 12 (347 bp). Lane M, 100-bp ladder; lane 1, 4074T; lane 2, S1536; lane 3, S1421; lane 4, M62; lane 5, L20; lane 6, Femo; lane 7, WF83; lane 8, 405; lane 9, CVJ13261; lane 10, D13039; lane 11, 56153; lane 12, 8329; lane 13, N-273; lane 14, 3906; lane 15, HS143.
Number of serovar-specific and apxIV amplicons detected in 334 clinical isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae using the multiplex PCR
The specificity of the multiplex PCR was further tested using 31 isolates representing porcine-associated bacterial species other than A. pleuropneumoniae, which were derived from our collection and have been assigned at the species level by conventional biochemical testing. None of these strains produced any amplicons with the new 9-serovar multiplex PCR.
In summary, we have developed a single-tube multiplex PCR that unequivocally differentiates A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12. With the use of our well-characterized collection of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates and other porcine-associated bacterial species, the new PCR was 100% sensitive and specific for serotyping. In regard to the United Kingdom, the PCR covers all of the serovars (2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12) that were previously reported (4), although a single serovar 9 isolate has subsequently be found (24).
The inclusion of apxIV-specific primers should allow for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae serovars not included in the multiplex PCR, though we have identified a small number (5/334) of strains that failed to produce the predicted 418-bp amplicon. In those strains, an apxIV band was obtained with alternate primers. Although we did not investigate further, the new multiplex PCR could be adapted to detect relevant serotypes found in different countries by excluding or including capsule-specific primers for other serovars as required.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by a Longer and Larger (LoLa) grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant numbers BB/G020744/1, BB/G019177/1, BB/G019274/1, and BB/G003203/1) and the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Zoetis awarded to the Bacterial Respiratory Diseases of Pigs-1 Technology (BRaDP1T) consortium. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The BRaDP1T Consortium comprises Duncan J. Maskell, Alexander W. (Dan) Tucker, Sarah E. Peters, Lucy A. Weinert, Jinhong (Tracy) Wang, Shi-Lu Luan, and Roy R. Chaudhuri (University of Cambridge); Andrew N. Rycroft, Gareth A. Maglennon, and Dominic Matthews (Royal Veterinary College); Brendan W. Wren, Jon Cuccui, and Vanessa Terra (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine); and Janine T. Bossé, Yanwen Li, and Paul R. Langford (Imperial College London).
FOOTNOTES
- Received 19 March 2014.
- Returned for modification 31 March 2014.
- Accepted 15 April 2014.
- Accepted manuscript posted online 23 April 2014.
- Copyright © 2014 Bossé et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
