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Virology

Evidence for Human Norovirus Infection of Dogs in the United Kingdom

Sarah L. Caddy, Alexis de Rougemont, Edward Emmott, Laila El-Attar, Judy A. Mitchell, Michael Hollinshead, Gael Belliot, Joe Brownlie, Jacques Le Pendu, Ian Goodfellow
Y.-W. Tang, Editor
Sarah L. Caddy
aDivision of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
bSection of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Alexis de Rougemont
cNational Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Edward Emmott
aDivision of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Laila El-Attar
dDepartment of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Judy A. Mitchell
dDepartment of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Michael Hollinshead
aDivision of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Gael Belliot
cNational Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Joe Brownlie
dDepartment of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Jacques Le Pendu
eINSERM, U892, CNRS UMR 6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Ian Goodfellow
aDivision of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Y.-W. Tang
Roles: Editor
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DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02778-14
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ABSTRACT

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with an estimated 3 million cases per year in the United Kingdom. HuNoVs have recently been isolated from pet dogs in Europe (M. Summa, C.-H. von Bonsdorff, and L. Maunula, J Clin Virol 53:244–247, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.014), raising concerns about potential zoonotic infections. With 31% of United Kingdom households owning a dog, this could prove to be an important transmission route. To examine this risk, canine tissues were studied for their ability to bind to HuNoV in vitro. In addition, canine stool samples were analyzed for the presence of viral nucleic acid, and canine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-HuNoV antibodies. The results showed that seven different genotypes of HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) can bind to canine gastrointestinal tissue, suggesting that infection is at least theoretically possible. Although HuNoV RNA was not identified in stool samples from 248 dogs, serological evidence of previous exposure to HuNoV was obtained in 43/325 canine serum samples. Remarkably, canine seroprevalence for different HuNoV genotypes mirrored the seroprevalence in the human population. Though entry and replication within cells have not been demonstrated, the canine serological data indicate that dogs produce an immune response to HuNoV, implying productive infection. In conclusion, this study reveals zoonotic implications for HuNoV, and to elucidate the significance of this finding, further epidemiological and molecular investigations will be essential.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 25 September 2014.
    • Returned for modification 16 October 2014.
    • Accepted 17 March 2015.
    • Accepted manuscript posted online 1 April 2015.
  • Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02778-14.

  • Copyright © 2015, Caddy et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

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Evidence for Human Norovirus Infection of Dogs in the United Kingdom
Sarah L. Caddy, Alexis de Rougemont, Edward Emmott, Laila El-Attar, Judy A. Mitchell, Michael Hollinshead, Gael Belliot, Joe Brownlie, Jacques Le Pendu, Ian Goodfellow
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 2015, 53 (6) 1873-1883; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02778-14

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Evidence for Human Norovirus Infection of Dogs in the United Kingdom
Sarah L. Caddy, Alexis de Rougemont, Edward Emmott, Laila El-Attar, Judy A. Mitchell, Michael Hollinshead, Gael Belliot, Joe Brownlie, Jacques Le Pendu, Ian Goodfellow
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 2015, 53 (6) 1873-1883; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02778-14
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