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Virology

Newcastle Disease Viruses Causing Recent Outbreaks Worldwide Show Unexpectedly High Genetic Similarity to Historical Virulent Isolates from the 1940s

Kiril M. Dimitrov, Dong-Hun Lee, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Timothy L. Olivier, Patti J. Miller, Claudio L. Afonso
M. J. Loeffelholz, Editor
Kiril M. Dimitrov
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Dong-Hun Lee
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Dawn Williams-Coplin
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Timothy L. Olivier
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Patti J. Miller
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Claudio L. Afonso
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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M. J. Loeffelholz
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DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03044-15
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ABSTRACT

Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) cause Newcastle disease (ND), a devastating disease of poultry and wild birds. Phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguish historical isolates (obtained prior to 1960) from currently circulating viruses of class II genotypes V, VI, VII, and XII through XVIII. Here, partial and complete genomic sequences of recent virulent isolates of genotypes II and IX from China, Egypt, and India were found to be nearly identical to those of historical viruses isolated in the 1940s. Phylogenetic analysis, nucleotide distances, and rates of change demonstrate that these recent isolates have not evolved significantly from the most closely related ancestors from the 1940s. The low rates of change for these virulent viruses (7.05 × 10−5 and 2.05 × 10−5 per year, respectively) and the minimal genetic distances existing between these and historical viruses (0.3 to 1.2%) of the same genotypes indicate an unnatural origin. As with any other RNA virus, Newcastle disease virus is expected to evolve naturally; thus, these findings suggest that some recent field isolates should be excluded from evolutionary studies. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses show that these recent virulent isolates are more closely related to virulent strains isolated during the 1940s, which have been and continue to be used in laboratory and experimental challenge studies. Since the preservation of viable viruses in the environment for over 6 decades is highly unlikely, it is possible that the source of some of the recent virulent viruses isolated from poultry and wild birds might be laboratory viruses.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 16 November 2015.
    • Returned for modification 21 December 2015.
    • Accepted 7 February 2016.
    • Accepted manuscript posted online 17 February 2016.
  • Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03044-15.

  • Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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Newcastle Disease Viruses Causing Recent Outbreaks Worldwide Show Unexpectedly High Genetic Similarity to Historical Virulent Isolates from the 1940s
Kiril M. Dimitrov, Dong-Hun Lee, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Timothy L. Olivier, Patti J. Miller, Claudio L. Afonso
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 2016, 54 (5) 1228-1235; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03044-15

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Newcastle Disease Viruses Causing Recent Outbreaks Worldwide Show Unexpectedly High Genetic Similarity to Historical Virulent Isolates from the 1940s
Kiril M. Dimitrov, Dong-Hun Lee, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Timothy L. Olivier, Patti J. Miller, Claudio L. Afonso
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 2016, 54 (5) 1228-1235; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03044-15
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