Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
eBURST diagram showing the relatedness among the major cluster (clonal complex 1) of S. lugdunensis isolates in this study and compared with the reference sequence types (STs) in the database of the Institut Pasteur (http://bigsdb.web.pasteur.fr/). Each circle represents an ST. The size of the circle represents the proportion of the number of isolates in the study.
Tables
- TABLE 1
General data of isolates collected from study period I (May 2003 to May 2013) and study period II (July to October 2014)
Characteristic No. (%) for Total (n = 129) Study period I (n = 67) Study period II (n = 62) Sample types Blood 58 (45.0) 56 (83.6) 2 (3.2) Pus 39 (30.2) 0 39 (62.9) Wound 18 (14.0) 0 18 (29.0) Ascites 4 (3.1) 4 (6.0) 0 Body fluid 3 (2.3) 2 (3.0) 1 (1.6) Synovial fluid 2 (1.6) 2 (3.0) 0 Cerebrospinal fluid 1 (0.8) 1 (1.5) 0 Cervix 1 (0.8) 0 1 (1.6) Pleural effusion 1 (0.8) 1 (1.5) 0 Tissue 1 (0.8) 0 1 (1.6) Amniotic fluid 1 (0.8) 1 (1.5) 0 Type of infection Community associated 48 (37.2) 7 (10.4) 41 (66.1) Health care associated 81 (62.8) 60 (89.6) 21 (33.9) - TABLE 2
Distribution of gender, age, comorbidity, source of infection, and outcome between health care- and community-associated infectionsa
Characteristic Total (n = 129) Health care associated (n = 81) Community associated (n = 48) P value Gender Male 73 (56.6) 44 (54.3) 29 (60.4) 0.496 Age (yr) Mean ± SD 49.99 ± 24.90 51.35 ± 28.13 47.70 ± 18.26 0.423 0–17 15 (11.6) 13 (16.0) 2 (4.2) 0.041b <1 10 (7.8) 10 (12.3) 0 0.011b 18–64 76 (58.9) 37 (45.7) 39 (81.3) <0.001c ≥65 38 (29.5) 31 (38.3) 7 (14.6) 0.004d Comorbidity Diabetes mellitus 38 (29.5) 32 (39.5) 6 (12.5) 0.001d End-stage renal disease 32 (24.8) 32 (37.5) 0 <0.001c Liver cirrhosis 6 (4.7) 6 (7.4) 0 0.054 Solid-organ malignancy 19 (14.7) 18 (22.2) 1 (2.1) 0.002d Hematologic malignancy 2 (1.6) 2 (2.5) 0 0.271 Cerebrovascular accident 18 (14.0) 14 (17.3) 4 (8.3) 0.156 Source of infection Skin and soft tissue 57 (44.2) 16 (19.8) 41 (85.4) <0.001c Unknown source of bacteremia 30 (23.3) 28 (34.6) 2 (4.2) <0.001c Catheter-related bloodstream infection 10 (7.8) 10 (12.3) 0 0.011b Bone and joints 8 (6.2) 7 (8.6) 1 (2.1) 0.136 Arteriovenous fistula/graft 6 (4.7) 6 (7.4) 0 0.053 Infective endocarditis 5 (3.9) 3 (3.7) 2 (4.2) 0.986 Intra-abdomen 4 (3.1) 4 (4.9) 0 0.119 Genital system 3 (2.3) 2 (2.5) 1 (2.1) 0.889 Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis 2 (1.6) 2 (2.5) 0 0.271 Lung 1 (0.8) 1 (1.2) 0 0.441 Central nervous system 1 (0.8) 1 (1.2) 0 0.441 Deep neck 1 (0.8) 1 (1.2) 0 0.441 Sinusitis 1 (0.8) 1 (1.2) 0 0.441 14-day all-cause mortality 9 (7.0) 9 (11.1) 0 0.017b - TABLE 3
Antibiotic resistance, distribution of SCCmec typing, agr group, and δ-hemolysin, clonal complex, and multilocus sequence typing among Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates that cause health care- and community-associated infection
Characteristica No. (%) for P value Total (n = 129) Health care associated (n = 81) Community associated (n = 48) Antibiotic resistance Penicillin 87 (67.4) 62 (76.5) 25 (52.1) 0.004b Oxacillin 27 (20.9) 26 (32.1) 1 (2.1) <0.001c Clindamycin 28 (21.7) 19 (23.5) 9 (18.8) 0.529 Erythromycin 32 (24.8) 22 (27.2) 10 (20.8) 0.424 TMP-SMX 3 (2.3) 1 (1.2) 2 (4.2) 0.285 SCCmec type II 5 (3.9) 5 (6.2) 0 0.078 IV 1 (0.8) 1 (1.2) 0 0.441 V 17 (13.2) 17 (21.0) 0 <0.001c Vt 2 (1.6) 2 (2.5) 0 0.271 NT 2 (1.6) 1 (1.2) 1 (2.1) 0.703 agr type I 57 (44.2) 31 (38.3) 26 (54.2) 0.078 II 72 (55.8) 50 (61.7) 22 (45.8) 0.078 δ-Hemolysin Negative 10 (7.8) 7 (8.6) 3 (6.3) 0.624 Clonal complex and MLST typing CC1 56 (43.4) ST6 2 (1.6) 2 (2.5) 0 0.271 ST25 11 (8.5) 5 (6.2) 6 (12.5) 0.215 ST41 38 (29.5) 24 (29.6) 14 (29.2) 0.841 ST44 3 (2.3) 0 3 (6.3) 0.002b ST45 2 (1.6) 0 2 (4.2) 0.064 CC2 2 (1.6) ST29 2 (1.6) 1 (1.2) 1 (1.2) 0.703 CC3 33 (25.6) ST38 33 (25.6) 27 (33.3) 6 (12.5) 0.009b CC4 12 (9.3) ST33 12 (9.3) 6 (7.4) 6 (12.5) 0.337 CC7 1 (0.8) ST27 1 (0.8) 0 1 (2.1) 0.194 CC8 22 (17.1) ST36 15 (11.6) 12 (14.8) 3 (6.3) 0.141 ST39 7 (5.4) 2 (2.5) 5 (10.4) 0.054 Singletons ST43 3 (2.3) 2 (2.5) 1 (2.1) 0.889 - TABLE 4
MLST and year of isolation of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus lugdunensis (n = 27)
MLST typing (n) Clonal complex SCCmec typing (no. of isolates) No. of isolates by yr of isolation 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ST6 (2) CC1 II (2) 1 1 ST38 (21) CC3 IV (1) 1 V (17) 2 5 4 1 2 3 Vt (2) 1 1 NT (1) 1a ST41 (4) CC1 II (3) 2 1 NT (1) 1 ↵a The isolates belonged to community-associated infections. Other isolates belonged to health care-associated infections.
